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Estrogenic Hormones in São Paulo Waters (Brazil) and Their Relationship with Environmental Variables and Sinapis alba Phytotoxicity

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Abstract

The present study evaluated the relationship between estrogenic hormone concentrations (17α-ethinylestradiol and 17β-estradiol) in surface waters in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (Brazil) and environmental variables. Four sampling stations were monitored ranging from a protected area to streams discharging human effluent in and around Billings Reservoir. Four sampling campaigns were carried out in each seasonal period: dry and wet. Samples for hormone analysis (in ng L−1) were concentrated (1000×) using solid-phase extraction C18 cartridges and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry detection, with 100 ng L−1 limit of quantification. Water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids were determined in situ; total phosphorus and Sinapis alba bioassays were performed subsequently. Reservoir active capacity (AC) and precipitation were also obtained. Estrogenic hormone concentrations were always below limit of quantification at pristine site; at the other sampling stations, 17β-estradiol concentrations varied from below limit of quantification to 1720 ng L−1 and 17α-ethinylestradiol from below limit of quantification to 1200 ng L−1, with the highest concentrations found in the streams discharging into the reservoir. These streams showed higher Pearson’s correlation between 17α-ethinylestradiol, total phosphorus, and electrical conductivity when compared with reservoir stations. Germination index and EC presented negative correlation (Pearson’s r = − 0.61), denoting a phytotoxicity increase with EC increment. AC influenced the dilution of pollutants and showed negative correlations with total phosphorus (Pearson’s r = −0.56). These results highlight the relevance of including streams in water-monitoring programs, since they are important pollutants loads into watersheds.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Multiuser Experimental Central facilities of UFABC and trainees by field and laboratory support.

Funding

The study is funded by British Council, Newton Fund and CAPES (Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) (process number 004/16) and FAPESP for the Scientific Initiation Grant awarded to M.Y.K. (process 2017/082341).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santo Andre, SP, 09210-580, Brazil

    Lucia Helena Gomes Coelho, Tatiane Araújo de Jesus, Marcio Yukihiro Kohatsu, Geovana Tognella Poccia & Vitor Chicarolli

  2. Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK

    Karin Helwig, Colin Hunter, Joanne Roberts, Paul Teedon & Ole Pahl

Authors
  1. Lucia Helena Gomes Coelho
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  2. Tatiane Araújo de Jesus
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  3. Marcio Yukihiro Kohatsu
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  4. Geovana Tognella Poccia
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Correspondence to Lucia Helena Gomes Coelho.

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Coelho, L.H.G., de Jesus, T.A., Kohatsu, M.Y. et al. Estrogenic Hormones in São Paulo Waters (Brazil) and Their Relationship with Environmental Variables and Sinapis alba Phytotoxicity. Water Air Soil Pollut 231, 150 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04477-2

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