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Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects Caused by a Commercial Herbicide Formulated with 2,4-D on Physalaemus albonotatus Tadpoles

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects caused by exposure to the 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-based commercial herbicide Amina Zamba® on Physalaemus albonotatus tadpoles from Gosner stage 25. The lethal concentration (LC50) was determined after exposure to different concentrations of Amina Zamba® (350 to 2400 mg/L) at 96 h. Sublethal effects were evaluated after chronic exposure to four fractions of the LC5096h obtained (12.5, 25, 50, and 75% of LC5096h) and a control. The biological responses analyzed included survival, growth and development, morphological abnormalities, and histological changes in the liver. The LC50 values of Amina Zamba® at 48, 72, and 96 h were 1040.2, 754.2, and 350 mg/L, respectively. The chronic exposure to the herbicide altered the survival of exposed tadpoles and caused several morphological abnormalities and liver histological alterations, mainly at the highest concentrations tested. Oral disc malformations and intestinal abnormalities were the most frequent abnormalities in all treated tadpoles. Histological alterations observed in the liver structure included hepatocyte vacuolization, enlargement of sinusoids, dilation of blood vessels, and a significant increase in the number of melanomacrophages in tadpoles exposed to 25, 50, and 75% LC5096h with respect to control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the treated tadpoles showed an accelerated development rate, reaching Gosner stages 38 and 42 before controls. These results demonstrate that the chronic exposure to this commercial formulation affects the survival, accelerates metamorphosis, and induces morphological abnormalities and liver damage in P. albonotatus tadpoles.

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Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to Dra. Victoria Eusebi for English review. We also thank to Dra. Cristina S. Zalazar (Institute of Technological Development for the Chemical Industry (INTEC)) for the chemical analysis of 2,4-D commercial formulation. To the Direccción de Recursos Naturales de la provincia de Corrientes for providing the collection permits. We also thank the anonymous reviewer for many valuable comments and suggestions.

Funding

This work was supported in part by the Project Course of Action for Research and Science Promotion (CAI+D project N° 045, 2012), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET, project PIP N° 036, 2014).

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  1. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n, CP: 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    L. M. Curi, P. M. Peltzer & R. C. Lajmanovich

  2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    L. M. Curi, P. M. Peltzer & R. C. Lajmanovich

  3. Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (FaCENA-UNNE), Av. Libertad 5400, CP: 3400, Corrientes, Argentina

    M. T. Sandoval

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  1. L. M. Curi
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  2. P. M. Peltzer
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  3. M. T. Sandoval
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  4. R. C. Lajmanovich
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Correspondence to L. M. Curi.

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Animals used in this research were treated according to the norms of ASIH-American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (2004), and the bioethics protocol and bioethical evaluations proposed by the Animal Ethical Committee of the Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (Res. N°: 388/06). http://wwwfbcb.unl.edu.ar/pages/investigacion/comite-de-etica.php.

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Curi, L.M., Peltzer, P.M., Sandoval, M.T. et al. Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects Caused by a Commercial Herbicide Formulated with 2,4-D on Physalaemus albonotatus Tadpoles. Water Air Soil Pollut 230, 22 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-4073-x

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