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When to Work for Pay, When Not to: A Comparative Study of Australian and Danish Volunteer Care Workers

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Abstract

This paper explores the links between volunteers care workers’ current unpaid work and their own present or former paid work with the objective of analysing the ways welfare states influence volunteer care work. Data were collected between August 2012 and May 2013 through 41 face-to-face interviews with Danish and Australian volunteers working with the frail elderly, very sick and terminally ill. Three related arguments are made. One, paid and unpaid care work are so intertwined that it is not possible to understand volunteers’ unpaid working lives without simultaneously understanding their paid work lives. Two, many volunteer care workers are attracted to care work, not volunteering per se. Three, volunteering must be understood in relation to men’s and women’s ‘access to work’ in the welfare state, access that ultimately depends on the design and developments of these two contrasting welfare states.

Résumé

Cet article explore les liens entre le travail actuel non rémunéré des travailleurs sociaux bénévoles et leur travail rémunéré, actuel ou ancien, et l’analyse les façons dont les États providence influencent le travail social bénévole. Les données ont été recueillies entre août 2012 et mai 2013 grâce à 41 entretiens en face-à-face réalisés avec des volontaires danois et australiens qui travaillaient avec des personnes âgées fragiles, très malades et en phase terminale. Trois thèses afférentes sont ainsi présentées. Un, le travail social rémunéré et le travail social non rémunéré sont si étroitement liés qu’il est impossible de comprendre la vie de travail non rémunéré des bénévoles sans comprendre simultanément leur vie de travail rémunéré. Deux, de nombreux travailleurs sociaux bénévoles sont attirés par le travail social, non pas par le bénévolat en lui-même. Trois, le volontariat doit être compris dans sa relation avec l’accès au travail des hommes et des femmes dans l’État providence, accès qui dépend en définitive de la conception et de l’évolution de ces deux États providence opposés.

Zusammenfassung

Diese Abhandlung erforscht die Verbindungen zwischen der gegenwärtigen unbezahlten Arbeit ehrenamtlicher Pflegekräfte und ihrer regulären gegenwärtigen oder vormaligen bezahlten Arbeit, um zu untersuchen, inwieweit Sozialstaaten Einfluss auf ehrenamtliche Pflegetätigkeiten ausüben. Die Daten wurden zwischen August 2012 und Mai 2013 in 41 persönlichen Interviews mit dänischen und australischen Ehrenamtlichen gesammelt, die mit gebrechlichen älteren und schwer oder unheilbar kranken Menschen arbeiteten. Es werden drei zusammenhängende Argumente vorgebracht. Erstens, die bezahlten und unbezahlten Pflegetätigkeiten sind so miteinander verflochten, dass es nicht möglich ist, das unbezahlte Arbeitsleben der Ehrenamtlichen zu verstehen, ohne gleichzeitig ein Verständnis ihres bezahlten Arbeitslebens zu haben. Zweitens, viele ehrenamtliche Pflegekräfte haben Interesse an der Pflegetätigkeit und nicht an der ehrenamtlichen Arbeit an sich. Drittens, die ehrenamtliche Arbeit muss in Verbindung mit dem „Zugang zur Arbeit“ von Männern und Frauen im Sozialstaat verstanden werden, wobei der Zugang letztendlich von dem Konzept und den Entwicklungen dieser beiden unterschiedlichen Sozialstaaten abhängt.

Resumen

El presente documento explora los vínculos entre el trabajo actual no pagado de los trabajadores de atención sanitaria voluntarios y su propio trabajo pagado actual o anterior con el objetivo de analizar las formas en las que los estados del bienestar influyen en el trabajo de atención sanitaria voluntario. Se recopilaron datos entre agosto de 2012 y mayo de 2013 mediante 41 entrevistas cara a cara con voluntarios daneses y australianos que trabajaban con personas mayores dependientes, muy enfermas o terminales. Se presentan tres argumentos relacionados. Uno, el trabajo de atención sanitaria pagado y no pagado están tan entrelazados que no es posible comprender las vidas laborales no pagadas de los voluntarios sin comprender simultáneamente sus vidas laborales pagadas. Dos, muchos trabajadores de atención sanitaria voluntarios se sienten atraídos por el trabajo de atención sanitaria, no por el voluntariado per se. Tres, el voluntariado debe ser entendido en relación con el “acceso al trabajo” de los hombres y las mujeres en el estado del bienestar, acceso que depende en última instancia del diseño y de los desarrollos de estos dos estados del bienestar contrastados.

摘要

为了分析福利国家影响自愿性护理工作的途径,本文探讨了护理工作志愿者当前的无薪工作与其现在或之前的付薪工作之间的关系。 通过对丹麦和澳大利亚41个自愿对虚弱的老人、严重疾患者以及终末期患者进行护理的志愿者进行面对面访谈,收集了2012年8月至2013年5月之间的数据,由此提出了三个相关论点:第一,有薪护理工作和无薪护理工作相互交织,以至于如不理解他们的付薪工作就无法理解他们的无薪工作, 第二,很多自愿参加护理工作的志愿者是被护理工作所吸引,而非被志愿性行为本身吸引, 第三,理解志愿性行动时一定要参考福利国家中的男性和女性参加工作的途径,参加途径最终离不开这两个截然不同的福利国家的设计和发展。

ملخص

هذه المقالة تكشف الروابط بين عمل عاملين الرعاية المتطوعين الغير مدفوع الأجر الحالي وعملهم الحالي أو السابق بأجر بهدف تحليل سبل تأثيرحالات الرفاهية على أعمال الرعاية التطوعية. قد تم جمع البيانات بين أغسطس/آب 2012 و مايو / آيار 2013 من خلال 41 من اللقاءات وجها لوجه مع متطوعين دنماركيين وأستراليين في العمل مع المسنين الضعفاء ، لديهم مرض شديد الميؤوس من شفائهم. تم القيام بثلاث حجج مترابطة. أولا”، العمل بأجر والرعاية الغير مدفوعة الأجر تتشابك بحيث لا يمكن فهم حياة المتطوعين العملية الغير مدفوعة دون فهم في الوقت نفسه حياة العمل بأجر. ثانيا”، العديد من عاملين الرعاية مجذبين للعمل في مجال الرعاية ، ليس العمل التطوعي في حد ذاته. ثالثا”، العمل التطوعي يجب أن يكون مفهوم فيما يتعلق “الحصول على عمل” للرجال والنساء في حالة الرفاهية، الوصول الذي في النهاية يعتمدعلى التصميم وتطورات هذه المتناقضتين من حالة الرفاهية.

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Notes

  1. The General Social Survey (GSS) was conducted by Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) throughout Australia from August to November 2010. The total sample from the survey was 15,028 dwellings equalling a response rate of 88 % (ABS 2010). The Danish data were collected in 2012 as a follow-up to a 2004 survey, both carried out in accordance with the guidelines from the Johns Hopkins team (Koch-Nielsen et al. 2005, pp. 15–16) The sample is made up of 2809 answers equalling a return rate of 67 % (Fridberg and Henriksen 2014, p. 23). Because of the relative standardisation of voluntary work surveys according to the so-called ICNPO classifications (Lester et al. 1999, p. appendix a), the typologies across the two surveys are similar. Welfare and health volunteers are respondents who answered ‘yes’ to either volunteering in a welfare/community or a health organisation in the last 12 months or answered ‘yes’ to both. Respondents who answered ‘yes’ to either of the two questions may also have volunteered for other kinds of organisations. The statistics have been extracted using crosstabs in SPSS.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks to hospice and respite volunteers, staff and management for participating and giving their time. My supervisors, Michael Fine, Thomas Boje and Shaun Wilson have provided support and guidance throughout my Ph.D. A number of participants in the 2014 seminar Civilsamfund og Frivillighed i Forandring organised by Aalborg University gave considered and valuable suggestions to an earlier draft of this paper.

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Overgaard, C. When to Work for Pay, When Not to: A Comparative Study of Australian and Danish Volunteer Care Workers. Voluntas 27, 810–830 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9620-0

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