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When Doing Good Becomes a State Affair: Voluntary Service in Germany

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Abstract

In times of economic crisis, volunteer work comes to be seen as a resource, both an economic one that provides social services as the state cuts back on welfare spending; and a social one, to counteract the social disintegration that accompanies disenchantment with politics. As a result, governments across Europe have begun targeting the volunteer workforce through policy instruments. Our paper examines the effects of government policy on volunteering traditions by analyzing the implementation of a national voluntary service in Germany. Drawing on neo-institutional theory, we argue that Germany’s state initiative has sparked competition between the new government voluntary service and preexisting programs organized by civil society organizations. We will show that this conflict has not merely restructured relationships among program leaders, host institutions, educational facilities, and volunteers, but in fact called into question the very nature of volunteering as a civic practice.

Résumé

En temps de crise économique, le travail bénévole tend à être perçu comme une ressource, à la fois économique, qui fournit des services sociaux au moment où l’État réduit les dépenses de protection sociale, et sociale pour lutter contre la désintégration sociale qui accompagne le désenchantement politique. Ainsi, à travers l’Europe, les gouvernements ont commencé à cibler le marché du travail bénévole au moyen d’actions politiques. Notre étude examine les effets de la politique gouvernementale sur les traditions en matière de bénévolat en analysant la mise en œuvre d’un service volontaire national en Allemagne. Nous appuyant sur la théorie néoinstitutionnelle, nous soutenons que l’initiative prise par l’Allemagne a suscité de la concurrence entre le nouveau service volontaire du gouvernement et les programmes préexistants organisés par les organisations de la société civile. Nous montrerons que ce conflit a restructuré non seulement les relations entre les responsables des programmes, les établissements d’accueil, les établissements d’enseignement et les bénévoles, mais qu’en réalité il a remis en question la nature même du bénévolat en tant que pratique civique.

Zusammenfassung

In Zeiten einer Wirtschaftskrise wird die ehrenamtliche Arbeit als eine Ressource betrachtet, und zwar sowohl als eine wirtschaftliche Ressource, die Sozialdienstleistungen bereitstellt, wenn der Staat Sozialausgaben kürzt, als auch als eine soziale Ressource, um der gesellschaftlichen Desintegration entgegenzuwirken, die durch eine Enttäuschung mit der Politik entsteht. Deshalb haben Regierungen in ganz Europa damit begonnen, politische Instrumente auf ehrenamtliche Arbeitskräfte anzuwenden. Unser Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen der Regierungspolitik auf die Traditionen ehrenamtlicher Arbeit, indem die Implementierung eines staatlichen ehrenamtlichen Dienstes in Deutschland analysiert wird. Wir stützen uns dazu auf die neo-institutionelle Theorie und behaupten, dass die staatliche Initiative Deutschlands einen Wettbewerb zwischen dem neuen Bundesfreiwilligendienst der Regierung und den zuvor bestehenden Programmen der gemeinnützigen Organisationen entfacht hat. Wir legen dar, dass dieser Konflikt nicht nur die Beziehungen zwischen Programmleitern, Gastinstitutionen, Bildungseinrichtungen und Ehrenamtlichen umstrukturiert hat, sondern in der Tat den wesentlichen Charakter ehrenamtlicher Arbeit als eine bürgerliche Praxis in Frage stellt.

Resumen

En tiempos de crisis económica, el trabajo voluntario llega a verse como un recurso, tanto uno económico que proporciona servicios sociales a medida que el estado recorta el gasto en bienestar; como uno social, para contrarrestar la desintegración social que acompaña el desencanto con la política. Como resultado, los gobiernos de toda Europa han empezado a dirigirse a la fuerza de trabajo voluntaria mediante instrumentos políticos. Nuestro documento examina los efectos de la política del gobierno sobre las tradiciones de voluntariado analizando la implementación de un servicio voluntario nacional en Alemania. Basándonos en la teoría neoinstitucional, argumentamos que la iniciativa estatal de Alemania ha desencadenado la competencia entre el nuevo servicio voluntario del gobierno y los programas preexistentes organizados por las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Mostraremos que este conflicto no ha reestructurado meramente las relaciones entre los líderes de los programas, las instituciones anfitrionas, los establecimientos educativos, y los voluntarios, sino que de hecho ha puesto en entredicho la verdadera naturaleza del voluntariado como una práctica cívica.

摘要

在经济危机时期,志愿者工作被视为一种资源,不仅是一种在国家削减福利支出之时提供社会服务的经济资源,也是一种避免政治幻灭感引发社会解体的社会资源。结果,欧洲各地政府开始制定政策,组建志愿者队伍。本文通过分析德国国家志愿者服务政策的贯彻落实,详细研究了政府政策对志愿服务传统的影响。凭借新制度理论,我们认为,德国的国家计划已引发新的政府志愿者服务和先前存在的民间组织计划之间的竞争。随后,我们会发现,这种竞争不仅没有重塑计划领导者,东道主机构,教育机构和志愿者之间的关系,而且,事实上,还对志愿服务的民间性质产生质疑。.

ملخص

في أوقات الأزمات الإقتصادية، ينظرإلى العمل التطوعي بإعتباره مورد، على حد سواء إقتصادي الذي يوفر الخدمات الإجتماعية، حيث أن الولاية تخفض الإنفاق على الرعاية الإجتماعية. وإجتماعي، لمواجهة التفكك الإجتماعي الذي يصاحب الإستياء من السياسة. نتيجة لذلك، بدأت الحكومات في جميع أنحاء أوروبا تستهدف القوى العاملة التطوعية من خلال أدوات السياسة. يفحص بحثنا آثار سياسة الحكومة على تقاليد العمل التطوعي من خلال تحليل تنفيذ الخدمة التطوعية الوطنية في ألمانيا. بالإعتماد على النظرية المؤسسية الجديدة ، فإننا نقول إن مبادرة دولة ألمانيا قد أثارت المنافسة بين الخدمة التطوعية للحكومة الجديدة والبرامج الموجودة مسبقا˝ التي نظمتها منظمات المجتمع المدني. سوف نظهر أن هذا الصراع ليس فقط أعاد هيكلة العلاقات بين قادة البرنامج، المؤسسات المضيفة، والمرافق التعليمية، والمتطوعين، ولكن في الواقع دعا إلى التشكيك في طبيعة العمل التطوعي بإعتباره ممارسة مدنية.

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Notes

  1. Ulrich Beck and Daniel Cohn-Bandit, both members of the European parliament, launched a petition for a “European Year of Volunteering for Everyone” in 2014 (Beck and Cohn-Bendit 2014).

  2. Though similar reform measures were implemented in Italy and France, we argue that Germany depicts an extreme case. In Germany, the number of people opting for the civilian service was extremely high (up to 135,000 young men per year) compared to other countries. By the year 2000, more than fifty percent of all young and able men committed themselves to one year of civilian service, thereby contributing significantly to the provision of social services, especially in the care sector (BMFSFJ 2011).

  3. While BFD volunteers are legally under the administrative responsibility of the state central agency and receive all their training from federal training centers, the situation is more complex for BFD volunteers assigned to civil society organizations. These volunteers receive 20 days of training in one of the accredited youth voluntary training centers, during which they socialize with volunteers participating in the civil society programs. Five days are then spent with other BFD volunteers in one of the state training facilities.

  4. Our focus group interviews revealed that the volunteers’ motivations and expectations regarding their training vary significantly. Especially, young volunteers tend to enroll in the BFD so as to gain new experiences, while older volunteers are more interested in updating their skills for the labor market (see Beller and Haß 2014).

  5. This controversy adds to the general debate on monetarization of civic engagement and economic incentives for volunteers. Although this debate is not new, it reached a new level in German society with the controversial implementation of the BFD, a voluntary service that is open for all ages (see also Perabo 2015.

  6. This estimate includes the €300 million invested by federal state and the €300 million given by the regions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Annelie Beller for her continuous support during the data collection period. We also thank Filip Wijkström, Adalbert Evers and the PACS seminar at Stanford University for their insightful comments of earlier drafts of this paper.

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Correspondence to Rabea Haß.

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Rabea Haß and Kathia Serrano-Velarde contributed in equal measures to this paper.

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Haß, R., Serrano-Velarde, K. When Doing Good Becomes a State Affair: Voluntary Service in Germany. Voluntas 26, 1718–1738 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9577-z

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