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Implications of deltamethrin on hematology, cardiac pathology, and gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its possible amelioration with Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)

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Abstract

Deltamethrin (DM) is one of the extensively used pyrethroids for controlling ectoparasites. Unfortunately, DM is highly toxic to fish as it primarily targets the sodium channels of the plasma membrane thereby affecting their cardiac and nervous systems. The present study investigated the protective efficacy of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) against DM-induced cardiotoxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The fish were segregated into nine groups having 36 fish/group maintained in triplicates exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with a diet containing three different concentrations (10 g, 20 g, and 30 g/kg feed) of aqueous extract of A. racemosus (ARE) for 21 days. DM caused significant alterations in the blood and serum parameters, and expression of cardiac and apoptotic genes compared to the control group. The ARE cotreatment significantly reduced the increase in serum transaminases, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels induced by DM. ARE facilitated the regain of electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chloride) homeostasis and antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione in DM-exposed fish. The cardiac histology exhibited loose separation of the cardiomyocytes and myofibrillar loss in the DM group which was ameliorated in the DM-ARE cotreatment group. Significant modulations were observed in the expression of cardiac-specific genes (gata4, myh6, tnT, cox1) and apoptosis signaling genes and proteins (HSP70, bax, bcl-2, caspase3), in the cotreatment group compared to the DM-exposed group. The current study suggests that ARE possesses potential cardioprotective properties that are effective in mitigating the toxic effects induced by DM via ameliorating oxidative stress, electrolyte imbalance, and apoptosis in tilapia.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

WBC - white blood cell, Hb - hemoglobin, RBC - red blood cell, HCT - hematocrit, MCV - mean corpuscular volume, MCH - mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC - mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, RDW - red cell distribution width, PLT – platelet. C- Control group (normal fishes fed with control diet); VC- Vehicle control (normal fishes fed with control diet exposed to acetone 25 µL); DM- Deltamethrin in 25 µL acetone mixed in tank water to a final concentration of 1 µg/L and fed with control diet; ARE1- Group fed with 10 g ARE/kg feed (1% ARE diet); ARE2- Group fed with 20 g ARE/kg feed (2% ARE diet); ARE3- Group fed with 30 g ARE/kg feed (3% ARE diet); DM + ARE1- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 1% ARE diet; DM + ARE2- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 2% ARE diet; DM + ARE3- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 3% ARE diet; ARE - aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus. Values are means ± SEM of three replicates (n = 15), different letters indicate statistical difference at p < 0.05 in ANOVA. The means of groups in homogeneous subsets have been indicated with the same letters

Fig. 3

(A) ALT- Alanine transaminase; (B) AST- Aspartate transaminase; (C) CK- Creatine kinase; (D) LDH- Lactate dehydrogenase. C- Control group (normal fishes fed with control diet); VC- Vehicle control (normal fishes fed with control diet exposed to acetone 25 µL); DM- Deltamethrin in 25 µL acetone mixed in tank water to a final concentration of 1 µg/L and fed with control diet; ARE1- Group fed with 10 g ARE/kg feed (1% ARE diet); ARE2- Group fed with 20 g ARE/kg feed (2% ARE diet); ARE3- Group fed with 30 g ARE/kg feed (3% ARE diet); DM + ARE1- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 1% ARE diet; DM + ARE2- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 2% ARE diet; DM + ARE3- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 3% ARE diet; ARE - aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus. Values are means ± SEM of three replicates (n = 15 for serum samples, n = 6 for tissue samples), different letters indicate statistical difference at p < 0.05 in ANOVA. The means of groups in homogeneous subsets have been indicated with the same letters

Fig. 4

(A) SOD- Superoxide dismutase; (B) CAT- Catalase; (C) GSH- Reduced glutathione; (D) GPx- Glutathione peroxidase. C- Control group (normal fishes fed with control diet); VC- Vehicle control (normal fishes fed with control diet exposed to acetone 25 µL); DM- Deltamethrin in 25 µL acetone mixed in tank water to a final concentration of 1 µg/L and fed with control diet; ARE1- Group fed with 10 g ARE/kg feed (1% ARE diet); ARE2- Group fed with 20 g ARE/kg feed (2% ARE diet); ARE3- Group fed with 30 g ARE/kg feed (3% ARE diet); DM + ARE1- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 1% ARE diet; DM + ARE2- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 2% ARE diet; DM + ARE3- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 3% ARE diet; ARE - aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus. Values are means ± SEM of three replicates (n = 6), different letters indicate statistical difference at p < 0.05 in ANOVA. The means of groups in homogeneous subsets have been indicated with the same letters

Fig. 5

MDA- Malondialdehyde; ROS- Reactive oxygen species; C- Control group (normal fishes fed with control diet); VC- Vehicle control (normal fishes fed with control diet exposed to acetone 25 µL); DM- Deltamethrin in 25 µL acetone mixed in tank water to a final concentration of 1 µg/L and fed with control diet; ARE1- Group fed with 10 g ARE/kg feed (1% ARE diet); ARE2- Group fed with 20 g ARE/kg feed (2% ARE diet); ARE3- Group fed with 30 g ARE/kg feed (3% ARE diet); DM + ARE1- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 1% ARE diet; DM + ARE2- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 2% ARE diet; DM + ARE3- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 3% ARE diet; ARE - aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus. Values are means ± SEM of three replicates (n = 6), different letters indicate statistical difference at p < 0.05 in ANOVA. The means of groups in homogeneous subsets have been indicated with the same letters

Fig. 6

Na+- Sodium; K+- Potassium; Cl−- Chloride; C- Control group (normal fishes fed with control diet); VC- Vehicle control (normal fishes fed with control diet exposed to acetone 25 µL); DM- Deltamethrin in 25 µL acetone mixed in tank water to a final concentration of 1 µg/L and fed with control diet; ARE1- Group fed with 10 g ARE/kg feed (1% ARE diet); ARE2- Group fed with 20 g ARE/kg feed (2% ARE diet); ARE3- Group fed with 30 g ARE/kg feed (3% ARE diet); DM + ARE1- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 1% ARE diet; DM + ARE2- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 2% ARE diet; DM + ARE3- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 3% ARE diet; ARE - aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus. Values are means ± SEM of three replicates (n = 6), different letters indicate statistical difference at p < 0.05 in ANOVA. The means of groups in homogeneous subsets have been indicated with the same letters

Fig. 7

The C, ARE3, and DM + ARE3 groups had normal compactly arranged cardiomyocytes with no evident pathology; the DM group had loosely separated cardiomyocytes (LC), and myofibrillar loss (FL) without any significant pathological alterations. C- Control group (normal fishes fed with control diet); DM- Deltamethrin in 25 µL acetone mixed in tank water to a final concentration of 1 µg/L and fed with control diet; ARE3- Group fed with 30 g ARE/kg feed (3% ARE diet); DM + ARE3- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 3% ARE diet; ARE - aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus

Fig. 8

gata4- GATA binding protein 4; myh6- myosin heavy chain 6; tnT- troponin T; cox1- cyclooxygenase 1; bax- bcl2 associated X protein; bcl2- B cell lymphoma 2; casp3a- cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3; C- Control group (normal fishes fed with control diet); VC- Vehicle control (normal fishes fed with control diet exposed to acetone 25 µL); DM- Deltamethrin in 25 µL acetone mixed in tank water to a final concentration of 1 µg/L and fed with control diet; ARE1- Group fed with 10 g ARE/kg feed (1% ARE diet); ARE2- Group fed with 20 g ARE/kg feed (2% ARE diet); ARE3- Group fed with 30 g ARE/kg feed (3% ARE diet); DM + ARE1- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 1% ARE diet; DM + ARE2- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 2% ARE diet; DM + ARE3- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 3% ARE diet; ARE - aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus. Values are means ± SEM of three replicates (n = 6), different letters indicate statistical difference at p < 0.05 in ANOVA. The means of groups in homogeneous subsets have been indicated with the same letters

Fig. 9

C- Control group (normal fishes fed with control diet); DM- Deltamethrin in 25 µL acetone mixed in tank water to a final concentration of 1 µg/L and fed with control diet; ARE3- Group fed with 30 g ARE/kg feed (3% ARE diet); DM + ARE3- Group exposed to DM (1 µg/L) and fed with 3% ARE diet; ARE - aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful for the support received from the Plan fund, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies and the Kerala State Council for Higher Education for the smooth conductance of the experiments. The authors acknowledge ChatGPT and Grammarly for language assistance.

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This research did not receive external funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, 682 506, India

    Vadavanath Prabhakaran Vineetha, Hemla Naik Tejaswi, Nediyirippil Suresh Sooraj, Sweta Das & Devika Pillai

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  1. Vadavanath Prabhakaran Vineetha
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  2. Hemla Naik Tejaswi
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  3. Nediyirippil Suresh Sooraj
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  4. Sweta Das
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  5. Devika Pillai
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Contributions

V.P.V.: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing- original draft, review & editing; H.N.T.: Investigation, Methodology, Writing- original draft; N.S.S.: Methodology; S.D.: Writing- review & editing; D.P.: Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Writing- review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Devika Pillai.

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Ethical approval

The entire investigation was conducted with full adherence to the guidelines of the Committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals (CPCSEA) registration number: 1174/ac/08/CPCSEA. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional animal ethics committee of Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, India.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Vadavanath Prabhakaran Vineetha and Hemla Naik Tejaswi contributed equally to this work.

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Vineetha, V.P., Tejaswi, H.N., Sooraj, N.S. et al. Implications of deltamethrin on hematology, cardiac pathology, and gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its possible amelioration with Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). Vet Res Commun 48, 811–826 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10251-6

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