Abstract
Urban gardens have the potential to contribute to urban bee biodiversity. However, studies considering the effects of habitat amount and floral resources on bees using a functional approach, are largely lacking in Latin America, in particular in urban environments, where the potential competitive interactions between honeybees and wild bees deserve further attention. We evaluated how bee abundance and diversity, both taxonomic (richness, evenness) and functional (richness, evenness, and divergence of traits), are related to habitat amount in urban gardens (patch size, green cover in the surroundings), and the abundance and diversity of flowers (taxonomic and functional). We also examined the effect of the abundance of honeybees on urban wild bee communities. We selected 13 gardens within Córdoba city (Argentina) along an urbanization gradient based on vegetation cover, where we surveyed bee-flower interactions. We selected flower (i.e. morphology, color, and phenology) and bee (i.e. morphology, sociality, and diet) traits considered essential to plant-pollinator interactions to estimate flower and bee functional diversity, respectively. Bee taxonomic and functional diversity in urban gardens strongly depended on the floral species evenness, whereas the functional floral diversity and patch size, as well as the habitat amount at the landscape scale, did not significantly affect bee diversity. Moreover, the abundance of honeybees, once controlled by floral species evenness, did not influence the taxonomic structure of wild bee communities. Our results highlight that urban gardens can support functionally diverse bee communities, especially those with evenly distributed flower species.
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Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to all the volunteers that offered their gardens to do the fieldwork and to Agostina Bordunale for their help with trait measurements. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions that improved the quality of the work.
Funding
The study was supported by funds from the Seed Money Grant given by the Leading House for the Latin American Region at the University of St.Gallen-Switzerland (Grant Agreement no. SMG 1915) to MM and MSF, and by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 2016–3142 grant to MV). BRR has a doctoral fellowship from CONICET. JCA was supported by the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (contract no. 16.0101.PJ/S284-0366) and the Göhner Stiftung (project no. 2019–2917/1.1) in the frame of the project “City4Bees”.
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Conceptualisation: B Rossi Rotondi, M Moretti, M Videla, MS Fenoglio; Methodology: B Rossi Rotondi, M Videla, MS Fenoglio; Formal analysis and investigation: B Rossi Rotondi, J Casanelles-Abella, S. Fontana; Writing—original draft preparation: B Rossi Rotondi, M Videla, MS Fenoglio; Writing-review and editing: M Moretti, J Casanelles-Abella, S Fontana; Funding acquisition: M Moretti, MS Fenoglio; Supervision: M Moretti, MS Fenoglio, M Videla.
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Rotondi, B.R., Casanelles-Abella, J., Fontana, S. et al. Floral species evenness is the major driver of wild bee communities in urban gardens. Urban Ecosyst 27, 159–171 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01440-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01440-x