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Patterns of mistletoe infestation in neotropical urban areas

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Abstract

Mistletoes occur in tropical and temperate ecosystems all over the world. In urban areas mistletoes can become weedy and affect the health of cultivated trees. In this study we sought to detect patterns of infestation at tree, species, and community level, in order to support improvements in urban tree planting policies. Field studies were performed in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. The trees and their mistletoes were surveyed in four green areas to examine the relationship between the severity of the infestation and tree attributes (trunk diameter, nativeness, and distance to the nearest infested tree). We evaluated the prevalence, the severity, and the preference ratio (PR) of each tree species according to their respective abundance. We also compiled data from other studies carried out in different cities in the Neotropical region, between 20º N (Mexico) and 32º S (Southern Brazil), to evaluate the relationships between prevalence and three urban tree community attributes (tree species richness, % of exotic trees, and tree density). Due to the high number of independent variables analyzed and their non-normal distribution, we used the Generalized Linear Mixed Model approach (GLMM) and the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to evaluate the relationship between all mentioned variables and mistletoe indicators. We were able to generate models with significant estimates for prevalence and severity of mistletoe infestation. We evaluated the GLMM through the AIC, the BIC, and the dispersion parameter. We also found significant correlation coefficients between prevalence/severity and all independent variables (except for tree density). We found that bigger trees and those near to previous infestations tend to be more infested. Exotic species showed higher PR, higher prevalence, and higher severity. At the community level we found that a high tree species richness and a low percentage of exotic trees are associated with a low prevalence of mistletoes. Our results bring a new point of view to urban forestry, urban ecology, and management of urban green areas. We propose that tree planting in urban areas should aim for high diversity with a low percentage of exotics.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Lorenzo Roberto Sgobaro Zanette and Paulo Weslem Portal Gomes for their contribution with the generation, evaluation, and interpretation of the mixed models.

Funding

This research counted on grants from the “Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica de Ensino Médio”, awarded by the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Ceará and by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), conceded via the Federal University of Ceará.

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  1. Laboratory of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology, Ceará, Av. Treze de Maio, 2081, Fortaleza, CE, 60040-215, Brazil

    Marcelo Oliveira Teles de Menezes, Marina Oliveira de Souza, Jorhan Marinho de Almeida, Dávila Vitória de Freitas Braga & Pedro Lucas Rodrigues de Alencar

  2. Laboratory of Biogeography and Vegetation Studies. Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Federal University of Ceará, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE, 60165-081, Brazil

    Marcelo Freire Moro

  3. Laboratory of Phytogeography, Department of Biology, Campus of Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil

    Francisca Soares de Araújo

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  1. Marcelo Oliveira Teles de Menezes
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was performed by Marina Oliveira de Souza, Jorhan Marinho de Almeida, Dávila Vitória de Freitas Braga, Pedro Lucas Rodrigues de Alencar, and Marcelo Oliveira Teles de Menezes. Analysis were performed by Marcelo Oliveira Teles de Menezes. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Marcelo Oliveira Teles de Menezes. Francisca Soares de Araújo and Marcelo Freire Moro commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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de Menezes, M.O.T., Moro, M.F., de Souza, M.O. et al. Patterns of mistletoe infestation in neotropical urban areas. Urban Ecosyst 26, 1081–1097 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01363-7

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