Abstract
Although growing evidence suggests that natural and sexual selection pressures may differ between natural and urban habitats, their consequences in terms of morphological differentiation, extent of sexual dimorphism and sex ratio remain poorly studied. Anolis lizards are an ideal model to study the phenotypic effects of urbanization, as they are well known for the existence of ecomorphs adapted to particular microhabitats. However, so far most studies of urban populations of anoles have considered invasive species and largely focused on males. Here, we compared morphological differentiation, sexual dimorphism and sex ratio between suburban and forest populations of the native A. homolechis, in western Cuba, based on large sample size (n > 800) and a balanced nested design. Overall, both male and female individuals from suburban populations were larger and in better body condition than individuals from forest populations. In addition, evidence of caudal autotomy was more than twice more frequent in suburban populations compared to forest ones, with no sex effect. Habitat type and season of the year had additive effects on sex ratios, with a significant excess of males in suburban habitats and during the non-reproductive season. Accordingly, the extent of sexual dimorphism in size was more pronounced in suburban populations compared to forest ones. Our results suggest that the shape and direction of natural selection may differ between urban and natural populations of anoles.
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Data Availability
The datasets used are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Code Availability
The codes generated are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the ONG Caribaea Initiative through a PhD fellowship to AV, the projects “Conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad biológica en los ecosistemas montañosos Guamuhaya y Guaniguanico bajo un enfoque paisajístico” (code: P211LH005-008), and “Colecciones Zoológicas, su conversación y manejo III, del Programa Ramal de Ciencia y Técnica, Diversidad Biológica (2018–2020)”, the Administration of the Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve, the Volodia Pioneer Camp and by Lázaro Medina and Miriam Yanes Ranch in Escaleras de Jaruco. We thank Adonis González Carralero, Carlos Hernández Peraza, Héctor M. Díaz Perdomo, Alejandro García Montano, Yaira López Hurtado, Hansel Caballero Silva, Anaisa Cajigas Gandia, Rachel Batista Alvarez, Claudia Vega Catalá, J. Deyvis Viera García, Armando R. Longueira Loyola, Maylín Rodríguez Rubial, Gustavo Blanco Vale, and Tatiana Homar García for their help in fieldwork.
Funding
Caribaea Initiative Grant for PhD to AV, project “Conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad biológica en los ecosistemas montañosos Guamuhaya y Guaniguanico bajo un enfoque paisajístico” (code: P211LH005-008), “Colecciones Zoológicas, su conversación y manejo III, del Programa Ramal de Ciencia y Técnica, Diversidad Biológica (2018–2020)”, Administration of the Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve, Volodia Pioneer Camp and Lázaro Medina and Miriam Yanes Ranch in Escaleras de Jaruco.
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Conception and design of the study: F.C, A.V., C.A.M., M.I.; data collection: A.V., M.I.; analysis and interpretation of data: A.V., F.C.; drafting the article or revising it for important intellectual content: A.V., F.C., C.A.M. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Access to restricted areas of Sierra del Rosario, as well as the capture and handling of animals were carried out with the agreement of the Director of the Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve Fidel Hernández Figueroa and the Environmental License 2019/01 of the Oficina de Regulación y Seguridad Ambiental, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente of Cuba.
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Access to restricted areas of Sierra del Rosario, as well as the capture and handling of animals were carried out with the agreement of the Director of the Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve Fidel Hernández Figueroa and the Environmental License 2019/01 of the Oficina de Regulación y Seguridad Ambiental, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente of Cuba.
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Vidal, A., Iturriaga, M., Mancina, C.A. et al. Differences in sex ratio, tail autotomy, body size and body condition between suburban and forest populations of the cuban endemic lizard Anolis homolechis. Urban Ecosyst 25, 1711–1723 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-022-01259-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-022-01259-y