Abstract
A cradle-to-farm gate life cycle assessment was conducted following international standards (ISO 14040, 2006) to estimate sources of greenhouse gas emissions of an extensive alpaca production system in the Peruvian Andes with a focus on carbon footprint. The assessment encompasses all supply chain processes involved with the production of alpaca fiber and meat. Direct (i.e., enteric fermentation, manure, and manure management) and indirect emissions (i.e., electricity, fuel, and fertilizer) of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane were estimated according to the (IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006. IPCC 2006 for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 2, Chapter 3. Mobile Combustion. Volume 4, Chapter 10. Emissions from livestock and manure management. Chapter 11. N2O emissions from managed soils and CO2 emissions derived from the application of lime and urea. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html). Carbon footprint was calculated based on a mass, economic, and biophysical allocation. The functional unit of the economic and mass allocations was 1 kg of LW as the main product and 1 kg of white or colored fiber as co-products. The functional unit of the biophysical allocation was 1 kg of live weight and 1 kg of fiber. The largest source of greenhouse gas emissions came from enteric fermentation (67%), followed by direct and indirect nitrous oxide emissions (29%). The estimated carbon footprint of the extensive alpaca production system, considering a 20% offtake rate, was 24.0 and 29.5 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents per kg of live weight for the economic and mass allocations, respectively, while for the biophysical allocation was 22.6 and 53.0 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents per kg of alpaca live weight and alpaca fiber, respectively. The carbon footprint per area was 88.6 kg carbon dioxide equivalents per ha.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during the current study will be available in the repository from Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (https://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/). Doctoral thesis: Cuantificación del metano entérico de alpacas y ovinos en pastos naturales altoandinos y huella de carbono de la producción alpaquera.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the National Council for Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (CONCYTEC) and the Doctoral Program in Animal Science of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina.
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This work was supported by National Fund for Scientific, Technological and Technological Innovation Development (FONDECYT; Grant number 178–2015).
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G. Gómez Oquendo: methodology, formal analysis, writing—original draft, visualization; K. Salazar-Cubillas: writing—review and editing; V. Alvarado: formal analysis; C. A. Gómez-Bravo: conceptualization, methodology, resources, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Oquendo, G.G., Salazar-Cubillas, K., Alvarado, V. et al. Estimation of carbon footprint and sources of emissions of an extensive alpaca production system. Trop Anim Health Prod 54, 331 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03271-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03271-y