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Palm kernel cake in high-concentrate diets for feedlot goat kids: nutrient intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, and performance

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Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of including palm kernel cake (PKC) in high-concentrate diets for feedlot goat kids on nutrient intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, and performance. Thirty-two castrated crossbred Boer × mixed breed goat kids with an average age of 4 months and an initial body weight of 19.65 ± 3.00 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. The diets included one of four levels (0, 12, 24, and 36%) of PKC on a total dry matter basis. The PKC inclusion in the diets promoted quadratic effects in the nutrient intakes (P ≤ 0.05). The digestibility of ether extract increased (P = 0.010), whereas the digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates decreased (P = 0.017) with the inclusion of PKC. Palm kernel cake inclusion promoted a quadratic effect on the time spent per episode feeding and decreased the times spent idling and ruminated bolus per day (P ≤ 0.05). The ingested and retained nitrogen decreased with the inclusion of PKC (P ≤ 0.05). The inclusion of PKC in the diets had quadratic effects in the cholesterol concentrations, albumin (A), globulin (G), A:G ratio, and gamma-glutamyltransferase enzyme activity (P ≤ 0.05). The PKC inclusion promoted a quadratic increase in total weight gain (P = 0.026), with the highest value achieved at the inclusion level of 11.68%. The inclusion of up to 12% PKC in high-concentrate diets increases the intake and growth performance without compromising the digestibility of nutrients and feed efficiency.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior” (CAPES-Brazil) for the fellowship grant and appreciate “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia” (FAPESB) for providing funding to carry out this research project.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Research Support Foundation of Bahia State (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia—FAPESB; grant number: 8405/2014).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 170-110, Brazil

    Thomaz Cyro Guimarães de Carvalho Rodrigues, Stefanie Alvarenga Santos, Douglas dos Santos Pina, Henry Daniel Ruiz Alba, Maria Leonor Garcia Melo Lopes de Araújo, Willian Pereira Silva, Camila de Oliveira Nascimento, Carlindo Santos Rodrigues, Manuela Silva Libânio Tosto & Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho

  2. Institute of Biodiversity and Forestry, Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará, Santarém, Pará, 035-110, Brazil

    Luis Gabriel Alves Cirne

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  1. Thomaz Cyro Guimarães de Carvalho Rodrigues
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  2. Stefanie Alvarenga Santos
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  11. Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Stefanie Alvarenga Santos, Douglas dos Santos Pina, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho; methodology: Thomaz Cyro Guimarães de Carvalho Rodrigues, Camila de Oliveira Nascimento, Manuela Silva Libanio Tosto, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho; formal analysis and investigation: Stefanie Alvarenga Santos, Douglas dos Santos Pina, Willian Pereira Silva, Thomaz Cyro Guimarães de Carvalho Rodrigues, Camila de Oliveira Nascimento; writing—original draft preparation: Thomaz Cyro Guimarães de Carvalho Rodrigues, Camila de Oliveira Nascimento, Manuela Silva Libanio Tosto, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho; writing—review and editing: Luis Gabriel Alves Cirne, Douglas dos Santos Pina, Henry Daniel Ruiz Alba, Maria Leonor Garcia Melo Lopes de Araújo, Carlindo Santos Rodrigues; funding acquisition: Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho; supervision: Stefanie Alvarenga Santos, Douglas dos Santos Pina, Carlindo Santos Rodrigues, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho.

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Correspondence to Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho.

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de Carvalho Rodrigues, T.C.G., Santos, S.A., Cirne, L.G.A. et al. Palm kernel cake in high-concentrate diets for feedlot goat kids: nutrient intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, and performance. Trop Anim Health Prod 53, 454 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02893-y

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