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Three-Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography to Monitor Unsaturated Moisture Ingress in Cement-Based Materials

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Abstract

The development of tools to monitor unsaturated moisture flow in cement-based material is of great importance, as most degradation processes in cement-based materials take place in the presence of moisture. In this paper, the feasibility of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) to monitor three-dimensional (3D) moisture flow in mortar containing fine aggregates is investigated. In the experiments, EIT measurements are taken during moisture ingress in mortar, using electrodes attached on the outer surface of specimens. For EIT, the so-called difference imaging scheme is adopted to reconstruct the change of the 3D electrical conductivity distribution within a specimen caused by the ingress of water into mortar. To study the ability of EIT to detect differences in the rate of ingress, the experiment is performed using plain water and with water containing a viscosity-modifying agent yielding a slower flow rate. To corroborate EIT, X-ray computed tomography (CT) and simulations of unsaturated moisture flow are carried out. While X-ray CT shows contrast with respect to background only in highly saturated regions, EIT shows the conductivity change also in the regions of low degree of saturation. The results of EIT compare well with simulations of unsaturated moisture flow. Moreover, the EIT reconstructions show a clear difference between the cases of water without and with the viscosity-modifying agent and demonstrate the ability of EIT to distinguish between different flow rates.

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Notes

  1. X-ray CT images show the water reservoir at the center of the specimen due to the orientation of the sample during testing (shown in Fig. 5).

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Acknowledgments

This work was conducted in the Materials and Sensor Development Laboratory (MSDL) and Constructed Facilities Laboratory (CFL) at North Carolina State University (NCSU). The third author would like to acknowledge the support provided by Academy of Finland (projects 270174 and 273536). The authors would like to acknowledge the support which has made these laboratories and this research possible. The authors also thank the technical support of these laboratories. The authors greatly acknowledge the expertise of Dr. Gary Howell and Dr. Jianwei Dian at NCSU High-Performance Computing (HPC) for the technical assistance in implementing the Load Sharing Facility HPC environment used to compute the image reconstructions in this study. The authors would like to thank Dr. Ian Robertson from the NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) for his assistance in using X-ray computed tomography facilities. All support is greatly appreciated and acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, 431C Mann Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7908, USA

    Danny Smyl & Mohammad Pour-Ghaz

  2. WSP USA, New York, NY, USA

    Milad Hallaji

  3. Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Aku Seppänen

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  1. Danny Smyl
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Smyl, D., Hallaji, M., Seppänen, A. et al. Three-Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography to Monitor Unsaturated Moisture Ingress in Cement-Based Materials. Transp Porous Med 115, 101–124 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-016-0756-1

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