Abstract
Melia azedarach L. is an important multipurpose plant (ornamental, landscape, shade-tree, timber industry) with biopesticide and medicinal potential due to natural compounds, mainly limonoids that have insecticide and antimicrobial effect. Propagation of M. azedarach through conventional methods is difficult and azadirachtin production low, therefore in vitro tissue culture can constitute an effective alternative for stable, continuous and high-yield secondary metabolites production. For this purpose, in the present study, the effects of explant type (leaves, immature flowers), plant growth regulators [2,4-D or TDZ (0, 1, 2 mg/L), 2,4-D + TDZ (1 + 1, 1 + 2, 2 + 1, 2 + 2 mg/L)], UV-B radiation exposure time (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 h/day), and incubation period (2, 4 weeks) on producing azadirachtin and growth parameters (fresh weight, dry weight, growth index %) in vitro callus culture of M. azedarach were assessed. Results showed that leaf explants gave superior percentage for callus induction (100%) (4 weeks) and fresh weight (54.77 mg) (8 weeks) compared with immature flower explants (96.67%, 51.20 mg) under 2 mg/L 2,4-D + 2 mg/L TDZ. Leaf-derived calli exhibited significantly higher growth parameters and azadirachtin content than immature flower-derived calli under the same UV-B exposure time and incubation period in MS medium under 2 mg/L 2,4-D + 2 mg/L TDZ. The maximum increase in azadirachtin and growth parameters was achieved in leaf-derived callus by the highest UV-B exposure time of 4 h/day and the longest incubation period of 4 weeks (fresh weight: 1139.95 mg, dry weight: 115.35 mg, growth index: 279.98%, azadirachtin: 14.93 mg/g dry weight). The process of callus culture in association with UV-B irradiation as an elicitor can be a viable option for the production of azadirachtin in a large-scale bioreactor fulfilling the ever escalating industrial demand for plant-derived extracts. These results can further be manipulated as a sustainable method for the production of a natural and environmentally friendly pesticide (e.g. azadirachtin).
Key message
In vitro callus culture in bioreactors, UV-B radiation elicitation, and azadirachtin (environmentally friendly biopesticide) production in Melia azedarach (ornamental, timber industry, medicinal) for fulfilling the industrial demand for plant-derived extracts.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
My manuscript has data included as electronic supplementary material (Supplementary Table).
References
Ahmadpoor F, Zare N, Asghari-Zakaria R, Sheikhzadeh-Mosadeg P (2021) Extraction, identification and determination of antiviral and anticancer flavonoids by HPLC-DAD in cell suspension culture of Melia Azedarach L. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-636880/v1
Ahmadpour R, Zare N, Asghari-Zakarta R, Sheikhzadeh P (2016) Efficient in vitro somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from mature and immature embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Braz Arch Biol Technol 59:1678-4324. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2016160288
Ali H, Khan MA, Kayani WK, Khan T, Khan RS (2018) Thidiazuron regulated growth, secondary metabolism and essential oil profiles in shoot cultures of Ajuga bracteosa. Ind Crop Prod 121:418–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.043
Allan EJ, Eeswara JP, Johnson J, Mordue AJ, Morgan ED, Stuchbury T (1994) The production of azadirachtin by in vitro tissue culture of neem, Azadirachta indica. Pestic Sci 42(3):147–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780420302
Allan EJ, Eeswara JP, Jarvis AP, Mordue AJ, Morgan ED, Stuchbury T (2002) Induction of hairy root cultures of Azadirachta indica and their production of azadirachtin and other important insect bioactive metabolites. Plant Cell Rep 21:374–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-002-0523-3
Al-Mallah MK, Salih SM (2006) A protocol for shoot regeneration from leaves petioles tissue culture of neem trees (Melia azedarach). Mesopotamia J Agric 34(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.33899/magrj.2006.38498
Al-Mayahi AMW (2014) Thidiazuron-induced in vitro bud organogenesis of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Hillawi. Afr J Biotechnol 13(35):3581–3590. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.13762
Aribi N, Denis B, Kilani-Morakchi S, Joly D (2020) L’azadirachtine, un pesticide naturel aux effets multiples. Méd/Sci 36:44–49. https://doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2019268
Ashokhan S, Othman R, Abd Rahim MH, Karsani SA, Yaacob JS (2020) Effect of plant growth regulators on coloured callus formation and accumulation of azadirachtin, an essential biopesticide in Azadirachta indica. Plants 9(3):352. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030352
Azarafshan M, Peyvandi M, Abbaspour H, Noormohammadi Z, Majd A (2020) The effects of UV-B radiation on genetic and biochemical changes of Pelargonium graveolens L’Her. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 26(2):605–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00758-6
Banerjee S, Dureja P (1995) Photostabilization of quinalphos by crystal violet on the surface of kaolinite and palygorskite. Pestic Sci 43(4):333–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780430413
Cappelletti R, Sabbadini S, Mezzetti B (2016) The use of TDZ for the efficient in vitro regeneration and organogenesis of strawberry and blueberry cultivars. Sci Hortic 207:117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.05.016
Chaudhary S, Kanwar RK, Sehgal A, Cahill DM, Barrow CJ, Sehgal R, Kanwar JR (2017) Progress on Azadirachta indica based biopesticides in replacing synthetic toxic pesticides. Front Plant Sci 8(8):610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00610
Chen J, Chang C, Chang W (1999) Direct somatic embryogenesis on leaf explants of Oncidium Gower Ramsey and subsequent plant regeneration. Plant Cell Rep 19(2):143–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050724
Coria C, Almiron W, Valladares G, Carpinella C, Ludueña F, Defago M, Palacios S (2008) Larvicide and oviposition deterrent effects of fruit and leaf extracts from Melia azedarach L. on Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Bioresour Technol 99:3066–3070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.012
Devi BP, Vimala A, Sai I, Chandra S (2008) Effect of cyanobacterial elicitor on neem cell suspension cultures. Indian J Sci Technol 1(7):1–5. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2008/v1i7/29601
Dinani ET, Shukla MR, Turi CE, Sulivan JA, Saxena PK (2018) Thidiazuron: modulator of morphogenesis in vitro. In: Ahmad N, Faisal M (eds) Thidiazuron: from urea derivative to plant growth regulator. Springer, Singapore, pp 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8004-3_1
Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Yang L (2022) Limonoids from the genus Melia (Meliaceae): Phytochemistry, synthesis, bioactivities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology. Front Pharmacol 12:795565. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.795565
Farjaminezhad R, Garoosi G (2021) Improvement and prediction of secondary metabolites production under yeast extract elicitation of Azadirachta indica cell suspension culture using response surface methodology. AMB Expr 11:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-021-01203-x
Farjaminezhad R, Zare N, Asghari-Zakaria R, Farjaminezhad M (2013) Establishment and optimization of cell growth in suspension culture of Papaver bracteatum: a biotechnology approach for thebaine production. Turk J Biol 37:689–697. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1304-54
Ferris E (2023) The benefits and applications of plant tissue culture: a revolutionary method of plant propagation. J Plant Bio Technol 6(1):133
Garcia R, Pacheco G, Falcão E, Borges G, Mansur E (2011) Influence of type of explant, plant growth regulators, salt composition of basal medium, and light on callogenesis and regeneration in Passiflora suberosa L. (Passifloraceae). Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 106:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9892-4
Garoosi G, Gholami B, Hosseini R (2016) Considerable azadirachtin production in neem cell culture under abiotic elicitor induction. J Med Plants By-products 5(2): 195–204. https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_109396_6cadf08f15873a768a2b53ac31ec2ed7.pdf. Accessed 16 February 2014
Gaspar T, Kevers C, Penel C, Greppin H, Reid DM, Thorpe TA (1996) Plant hormones and plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol - Plant 32:272–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02822700. Accessed 30 December 2023
GISD (2018) Global invasive species database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/
González-Arnao MT, Raquel Dolce N, Gonzalez-Benito ME, Castillo Martínez CR, Cruz-Cruz CC (2017) Approaches for in vitro conservation of woody plants germplasm. In book: Biodiversity and conservation of woody plants. pp 355–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66426-2_13
Grzegorczyk-Karolak I, Kuzma Ł, Wysokinska H (2017) The influence of cytokinins on proliferation and polyphenol accumulation in shoot cultures of Scutellaria altissima L. Phytochem Lett 20:449–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2016.12.029
Hideg E, Jansen M, Strid A (2013) UV-B exposure, ROS, and stress: inseparable companions or loosely linked associates? Trends Plant Sci 18(2):107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2012.09.003
Husain MK, Anis M, Shahzad A (2008) In vitro propagation of a multipurpose leguminous tree (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) using nodal explants. Acta Physiol Plant 30:353–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-007-0130-6
Husain MK (2007) Tissue culture studies on propagation of two multipurpose tree species Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. and Melia azedarach L. PhD Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh
Ibáñez S, Rosa M, Hilal M, Prado JG (2008) Leaves of Citrus aurantifolia exhibit a different sensibility to solar UV-B radiation according to development stage in relation to photosynthetic pigments and UV-B absorbing compounds production. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 90(3):163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.01.002
Ikeuchi M, Sugimoto K, Iwase A (2013) Plant callus: mechanisms of induction and repression. Plant Cell 25(9):3159–3173. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.116053
Jarvis AP, Johnson S, Morgan ED (1998) Stability of the natural insecticide azadirachtin in aqueous and organic solvents. Pest Sci 53(3):217–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199807)53:3%3C217::AID-PS766%3E3.0.CO;2-9
Johnson S, Dureja P, Dhingra S (2003) Photostabilizers for azadirachtin-A (a neem-based pesticide). J Environ Sci Health 38:451–462. https://doi.org/10.1081/PFC-120021665
Kaviani B (2014) The effect of 2,4-D on callus induction of Melia azedarach L. Thai J Agric Sci 47(2):71–75. https://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/TJAS/10965737.pdf. Accessed 30 December 2023
Kearney ML, Allan EJ, Hooker JE, Mordue AJ (1994) Antifeedant effect of in vitro culture extracts of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) against the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forkskal). Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 37(1): 67–71. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00048119. Accessed 16 February 2024
Kertrung T, Junkasiraporn S (2018) In vitro propagation of Kalanchoe rhombopilosa (Crassulaceae). NU Int J Sci 15(1):37–48. https://www.thaiscience.info/Journals/Article/NUJS/10988681.pdf. Accessed 30 December 2023
Kilani-Morakchi S, Morakchi-Goudjil H, Sifi K (2021) Azadirachtin-based insecticide: overview, risk assessments, and future directions. Front Agron 3:676208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.676208
Kliebenstein D, Lim J, Landry L, Last R (2002) Arabidopsis UVR8 regulates ultraviolet-B signal transduction and tolerance and contains sequence similarity to human regulator of chromatin condensation 1. Plant Physiol 130(1):234–243. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.005041
Kuruvilla T, Komaraiah P, Ramakrishna SV (1999) Enhanced secretion of azadirachtin by permeabilized margosa (Azadirachta indica) cells. Ind J Exp Bot 37:89–91
Ling APK, Tan KP, Hussein S (2013) Comparative effects of plant growth regulators on leaf and stem explants of Labisia pumila var. alata. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 14(7):621–631. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1200135
Machakova I, Zazimalova E, George EF (2008) Plant growth regulators: introduction; auxins, their analogues and inhibitors. In: George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk GJ (eds) Plant propagation by tissue culture, 3rd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 275–374
Manaf HH, Rabie KAE, Abd El-Aal MS (2016) Impact of UV-B radiation on some biochemical changes and growth parameters in Echinacea purpurea callus and suspension culture. Ann Agric Sci 61(2):207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2016.08.001
Martínez-Silvestre KE, Santiz-Gómez JA, Luján-Hidalgo MC, Ruiz-Lau N, Sánchez-Roque Y, Gutiérrez-Miceli FA (2022) Effect of UV-B radiation on flavonoids and phenols accumulation in tempisque (Sideroxylon capiri Pittier) callus. Plants 11:473. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040473
Mofid Bojnoordi M, Ramezannejad R, Aghdasi M, Fatemi M (2023) Production of phenolic acids improved in callus cultures of Lactuca undulata by Ultraviolet-B irradiation. Int J Hort Sci Technol 10:9–16. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2022.332804.511
Mohite AS, Dorlikar AV (2022) Growth regulating effects of natural pesticide, azadirachtin from neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on insects: a review. Int J Zool Invest 8(2):774–783. https://doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.093
Mostafa HHA, Wang H, Song J, Li X (2020) Effects of genotypes and explants on garlic callus production and endogenous hormones. Sci Rep 10:4867. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61564-4
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15(3):473–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x
Naaz A, Siddique I, Ahmad A (2021) TDZ-induced efficient micropropagation from juvenile nodal segment of Syzygium cumini (Skill): a recalcitrant tree. In: Propagation and genetic manipulation of plants. Springer, Singapore, pp 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7736-9_12
Nethmini NAN, Kim MS, Chathuranga K, Ma JY, Kim H, Lee JS (2020) Melia azedarach extract exhibits a broad spectrum of antiviral effect in vitro and in vivo. J Biomed Transl Res 21(3):125–136. https://doi.org/10.12729/jbtr.2020.21.3.125
Nitnaware K, Naik D, Nikam T (2011) Thidiazuron-induced shoot organogenesis and production of hepatoprotective lignan phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin in Phyllanthus amarus. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 104:101–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9796-3
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A (2009) Agroforestree database: a tree reference and selection guide. Version 4. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp. Accessed 16 February 2024
Pakum W, Inmano O, Kongbangkerd A (2021) TDZ and 2,4-D on in vitro propagation of panda plant from leaf explants. Ornam Hortic 27(1):41–48. https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v27i1.2251
Pandreka A, Dandekar DS, Haldar S, Uttara V, Vijayshree SG, Mulani FA, Aarthy T, Thulasiram HV (2015) Triterpenoid profiling and functional characterization of the initial genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis in neem (Azadirachta indica). BMC Plant Biol 15:214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-015-0593-3
Pasquoto-Stigliani T, Campos EVR, Oliveira JL, Silva CMG, Bilesky-José N, Guilger M, Troost J, Oliveira HC, Stolf-Moreira R, Fraceto LF, de Lima R (2017) Nanocapsules containing neem (Azadirachta indica) oil: development, characterization, and toxicity evaluation. Sci Rep 7:5929. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06092-4
Phukan H, Kumar R, Mitra PK (2017) Plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis in Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem). Int Res J Eng Technol 4(6):3212–3217. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i6/IRJET-V4I6768.pdf. Accessed 30 Dec 2023
Prakash G, Srivastava AK (2005) Statistical media optimization for cell growth and azadirachtin production in Azadirachta indica A Juss. suspension cultures. Process Biochem 40(12):3795–3800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.05.010
Prakash G, Srivastava AK (2006) Modeling of azadirachtin production by Azadirachta indica and its use for feed forward optimization studies. Biochem Eng J 29:62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2005.02.027
Prakash G, Srivastava AK (2007) Azadirachtin production in stirred tank reactors by Azadirachta indica suspension culture. Process Biochem 42(1):93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2006.06.020
Prakash G, Srivastava AK (2008a) Statistical elicitor optimization studies for the enhancement of azadirachtin production in bioreactor Azadirachta indica cell cultivation. Biochem Eng J 40(2):218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2007.12.017
Prakash G, Srivastava AK (2008b) Production of biopesticides in an in situ cell retention bioreactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 151:307–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6
Prakash G, Srivastava AK (2011) Integrated yield and productivity enhancement strategy for biotechnological production of azadirachtin by suspension culture of Azadirachta indica. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng 6:129–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.482
Prakash G, Bhojwani SS, Srivastava AK (2002) Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture-state of the art and future prospects. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 7:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02932968
Prakash G, Emmannuel CJSK, Srivastava AK (2005) Variability of azadirachtin in Azadirachta indica (neem) and batch kinetics studies of cell suspension culture. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 10:198–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02932013
Rafiq M, Dahot MU (2010) Callus and azadirachtin related limonoids production through in vitro culture of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). Afr J Biotechnol 9(4):449–453. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/77947. Accessed 30 December 2023
Rafiq M (2012) Production of azadirachtin contents through in vitro culture of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). Ph.D. Thesis. Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering University ff Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Raval KN, Hellwig S, Prakash G, Ramos-Plasencia A, Srivastava A, Biichs J (2003) Necessity of a two-stage process for the production of azadirachtin-related limonoids in suspension cultures of Azadirachta indica. J Biosci Bioeng 96(1):16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1723(03)90091-0
Ren X, Liu Y, Jeong B (2020) Callus induction and browning suppression in tree peony Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan.’ Hortic Environ Biotechnol 61:591–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-020-00246-6
Rind NA, Rafiq M, Dahot MU, Faiza H, Aksoy Ö, Rind KH, Shar AH, Ullah H, Jatoi AH (2021) Production of limonoids through callus and cell suspension cultures of chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.). Bangladesh J Bot 50(2):301–309. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v50i2.54086
Rizzini L, Favory J, Cloix C, Faggionato D, O’Hara A, Kaiserli E, Baumeister R, Schäfer E, Nagy F, Jenkins GI, Ulm R (2011) Perception of UV-B by the Arabidopsis UVR8 protein. Science 332(6025):103–106. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200660
Robson TM, Klem K, Urban O, Janso MAK (2015) Re-interpreting plant morphological responses to UV-B radiation. Plant Cell Environ 38(5):856–866. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12374
Rodrigues M, Festucci-Buselli RA, Campos Silva L, Campos Otoni W (2014) Azadirachtin Biosynthesis Induction in Azadirachta indica A. Juss cotyledonary calli with elicitor agents. Braz Arch Biol Technol 57(2):155–162. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132014000200001
Samar A, Zahoor AK, Seema S (2013) Comparative efficiency of different explants for in vitro callus production in Inula royleana DC., a threatened medicinal plant growing in Kashmir Himalaya. Int J Adv Res 1(7):617–623. https://www.journalijar.com/uploads/2013-10-09_065624_457.pdf. Accessed 30 Dec 2023
Schreiner M, Mewis I, Huyskens-Keil S, Jansen MAK, Zrenner R, Winkler JB, O’Brien N, Krumbein A (2012) UV-B-induced secondary plant metabolites - potential benefits for plant and human health. Crit Rev Plant Sci 31(3):229–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2012.664979
Singh M, Chaturvedi R (2013) Sustainable production of azadirachtin from differentiated in vitro cell lines of neem (Azadirachta indica). AoB Plants 5:plt034. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plt034
Singh T, Sharma U, Agrawal V (2020) Isolation and optimization of plumbagin production in root callus of Plumbago zeylanica L. augmented with chitosan and yeast extract. Ind Crops Prod 151:112446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112446
Srivastava P, Chaturvedi R (2011) Increased production of azadirachtin from an improved method of androgenic cultures of a medicinal tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Plant Signal Behav 6:974–981. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.7.15503
Srivastava S, Srivastava AK (2012) Strategies to overcome oxygen transfer limitations during hairy root cultivation of Azadiracta indica for enhanced azadirachtin production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167:1818–1830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9531-5
Srivastava S, Srivastava AK (2014) Effect of elicitors and precursors on azadirachtin production in hairy root culture of Azadirachta indica. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 172:2286–2297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0664-6
Srividya N, Sridevi BP, Satyanarayana P (1998) Azadirachtin and nimbin content in in vitro cultured shoots and roots of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Ind J Plant Physiol 3:129–134. https://eurekamag.com/research/003/049/003049696.php. Accessed 16 Feb 2024
Sujanya S, Devi BP, Sai I (2008) In vitro production of azadirachtin from cell suspension cultures of Azadirachta indica. J Biosci 33(1):113–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-008-0027-6
Sundaram KMS, Curry J (1996) Effect of some UV light absorbers on the photostabilization of azadirachtin, a neem based biopesticide. Chemosphere 32(4):649–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(95)00370-3
Veeresham C, Kumar MR, Sowjanya D, Kokate CK, Apte SS (1998) Production of azadirachtin from callus cultures of Azadirachta indica. Fitoterapia 69:423–424
Villegas-Velásquez S, Martínez-Mira AD, Hoyos R, Rojano B, Orozco-Sánchez F (2017) Hydrodynamic stress and limonoid production in Azadirachta indica cell culture. Biochem Eng J 122:75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2017.03.004
Wang H, Dong HY, He QM, Liang JL, Zhao T, Zhou L (2020) Characterization of limonoids isolated from the fruits of Melia toosendan and their antifeedant activity against Pieris rapae. Chem Biodivers 17(4):e1900674. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900674
Wewetzer A (1998) Callus culture of Azadirachta indica and their potential for the production of azadirachtin. Phytoparasitica 26:47–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981265
Yalla R, Satyendra M, Nidhi M (2021) Medicinal uses and biological activity of the secondary metabolites of Melia azedarach Linn.: an overview. Plant Cell Biotechnol Mol Biol 22(33–34):106–123. https://www.ikppress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6285. Accessed 30 Dec 2023
Zeng F, Wang W, Zhan Y, Xin Y (2009) Establishment of the callus and cell suspension culture of Elaeagnus angustifolia for the production of condensed tannins. Afr J Biotechnol 8(19):5005–5010. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajb.v8i19.65206
Zhou H, Hamazaki A, Fontana JD, Takahashi H, Esumi T, Wandscheer CB, Tsujimoto H, Fukuyama Y (2004) New ring C-seco limonoids from Brazilian Melia azedarach and their cytotoxic activity. J Nat Prod 67(9):1544–1547. https://doi.org/10.1021/np040077r
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mr. Ali Al-Tamimi, Ministry of Science and Technology / Iraq for his assistance in completing the requirement of the research.
Funding
The authors did not receive grants or other support from any organization for the submitted work. No funding was received for conducting this study and preparing this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
H.E.M.: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources; Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. V.S.: Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Communicated by Agnieszka Szopa
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mahood, H.E., Sarropoulou, V. Developing an efficient in vitro elicitation system using UV-B radiation for elevated biomass and azadirachtin production in callus culture of Melia azedarach L. – an important multipurpose industrial plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 157, 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-024-02715-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-024-02715-7