Abstract
Due to their protective functions and medicinal effects, phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) have received much attention in recent decades. However, the information on their behavior in response to biotic stress is very limited. Also, the diversity of detected PhGs is low in different plants. Thus, the effect of Piriformospora indica culture filtrate on the production of PhGs and other defense reactions of Scrophularia striata cell culture as an important medicinal plant was investigated. Besides, we made an attempt to detect more PhGs in the species. The results revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content increased in the early hours of treatment, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level remained unchanged. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (POX) also become activated to regulate the oxidative status in response to the fungal culture filtrate (FCF). The primary and secondary metabolites profile shifted towards defense compounds accumulation. Different precursor molecules levels including glucose, phenylalanine, tyrosine, arginine, methionine, cinnamic and coumaric acids decreased in the early hours, whereas sucrose and defensive compounds flavonoids and PhGs (echinacoside and acteoside) increased. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) enzymes activity enhanced in S. striata treated cells. Furthermore, based on NMR spectroscopy and ESI/MS techniques, two PhGs of scrophuloside B1 and scroside D were detected for the first time in this species. The observations suggest that S. striata’s defense system is activated by stimulating the antioxidant enzymes activity and modulating the profiles of carbohydrates, amino acids and phenolic compounds in response to P. indica elicitation.
Key message
Piriformospora indica culture filtrate treatment through modulating the oxidative status, reprogramming primary metabolites and accumulating phenolic compounds specially phenylethanoid glycosides, leads to activation of defense system in Scrophularia striata cell culture.
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The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors, upon request.
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Change history
19 January 2022
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-022-02232-5
Abbreviations
- Act:
-
Acteoside
- CAD:
-
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase
- Ech:
-
Echinacoside
- FCF:
-
Fungal culture filtrate
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- PAL:
-
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase
- PhGs:
-
Phenylethanoid glycosides
- POX:
-
Guaiacol peroxidase
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SA:
-
Salicylic acid
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
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The authors would like to thank Tarbiat Modares University for providing the laboratory facilities and financial support for this project. This research was financed by Biotechnology Development Headquarters (biodc-21902-34946.1) in Iran.
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This research was financed by Biotechnology Development Headquarters (biodc-21902-34946.1) in Iran.
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This research paper was accomplished with the collaboration of all authors. PS performed the experiments, analyzed, interpreted data. MS designed and supervised the study. NAC and NS advised the study. ES was wrote the manuscript.
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Shahkarami, P., Ahmadian-Chashmi, N., Samari, E. et al. Piriformospora indica induces phenylethanoid glycosides production and defense responses in Scrophularia striata cell culture. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 149, 381–395 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02213-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02213-0