Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory aspects of thrombosis in cancer

  • Published:
Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The relationship between increased clotting and malignancy is well recognized, though the bidirectional development of this association is often overlooked. In the challenging cancer biology, transforming genes often act in concert with numerous epigenetic factors, including hypoxia, inflammation, contact between blood and cancer cells, and emission of procoagulant vesicles from tumors, to determine a net imbalance of the hemostatic potential which is detectable by a variety of laboratory tests. Procoagulant factors, in particular, are intimately involved in all aspects of hemostatic, cell proliferation and cellular signalling systems. However, the biggest as yet unresolved question is why cancer patients develop thrombosis? Since the thrombus itself does not apparently contributes directly to the tumor biology, enhanced hemostasis activation in cancer patients may be interpreted according to the most recent biological evidences. Coagulation and cancer biology interact bidirectionally in a “vicious cycle”, in which greater tumor burden supplies greater procoagulants (tissue factor, cancer procoagulant) and thrombin, which would in turn act as strong promoters of cancer growth and spread. In this perspective, thrombosis may be interpreted as a epiphenomenon of an intricate an effective biological feedback to maintain or promote cancer progression. In this review article, we briefly analyze the pathogenesis, laboratory, clinical and therapeutic features of cancer and thrombosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Piccioli A, Falanga A, Baccaglini U, Marchetti M, Prandoni P (2006) Cancer and venous thromboembolism. Semin Thromb Hemost 32:694–699

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Prandoni P, Falanga A, Piccioli A (2005) Cancer and venous thromboembolism. Lancet Oncol 6:401–410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rak J, Yu JL, Luyendyk J, Mackman N (2006) Oncogenes, trousseau syndrome, and cancer-related changes in the coagulome of mice and humans. Cancer Res 66:10643–10646

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Garcia-Avello A, Galindo-Alvarez J, Martinez-Molina E, Cesar-Perez J, Navarro JL (2001) Coagulative system activation and fibrinolytic system inhibition activities arise from tumoral draining vein in colon carcinoma. Thromb Res 104:421–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Falanga A, Marchetti M, Vignoli A, Balducci D (2003) Clotting mechanisms and cancer: implications in thrombus formation and tumor progression. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 1:673–678

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chung I, Lip GY (2003) Virchow’s triad revisited: blood constituents. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 33:449–454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Falanga A, Rickles FR (1999) Pathophysiology of the thrombophilic state in the cancer patient. Sem Thromb Hemost 25:173–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Maly MA, Tomasov P, Hajek P et al (2006) The role of tissue factor in thrombosis and haemostasis. Physiol Res (Nov 6, Epub ahead of print)

  9. Versteeg HH (2004) Tissue factor as an evolutionary conserved cytokine receptor: Implications for inflammation and signal transduction. Semin Hematol 41:168–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mackman N (2006) Role of tissue factor in hemostasis and thrombosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 36:104–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Eilertsen KE, Osterud B (2004) Tissue factor: (patho)physiology and cellular biology. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 15:521–538

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zillmann A, Luther T, Muller I et al (2001) Platelet-associated tissue factor contributes to the collagen-triggered activation of blood coagulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 281:603–609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sturk-Maquelin KN, Nieuwland R, Romijn FP, Eijsman L, Hack CE, Sturk A (2003) Pro- and non-coagulant forms of non-cell-bound tissue factor in vivo. J Thromb Haemost 1:1920–1926

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lopez JA, Kearon C, Lee AY (2004) Deep venous thrombosis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 439–456

  15. Bogdanov VY, Balasubramanian V, Hathcock J, Vele O, Lieb M, Nemerson Y (2003) Alternatively spliced human tissue factor: a circulating, soluble, thrombogenic protein. Nat Med 9:458–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chu AJ (2006) Tissue factor upregulation drives a thrombosis-inflammation circuit in relation to cardiovascular complications. Cell Biochem Funct 24:173–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rak J, Milsom C, May L, Klement P, Yu J (2006) Tissue factor in cancer and angiogenesis: the molecular link between genetic tumor progression, tumor neovascularization, and cancer coagulopathy. Semin Thromb Hemost 32:54–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Babiker AA, Nilsson Ekdahl K, Nilsson B, Ronquist G (2007) Prothrombotic effects of prostasomes isolated from prostatic cancer cell lines and seminal plasma. Semin Thromb Hemost 33:80–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Del Conde I, Bharwani LD, Dietzen DJ, Pendurthi U, Thiagarajan P, Lopez JA (2007) Microvesicle-associated tissue factor and Trousseau’s syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 5:70–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rauch U, Antoniak S (2007) Tissue factor-positive microparticles in blood associated with coagulopathy in cancer. Thromb Haemost 97:9–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Uno K, Homma S, Satoh T et al (2007) Tissue factor expression as a possible determinant of thromboembolism in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 96:290–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nierodzik ML, Karpatkin S (2006) Thrombin induces tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis: Evidence for a thrombin-regulated dormant tumor phenotype. Cancer Cell 10:355–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Goodsell DS (2006) The molecular perspective: tissue factor. Oncologist 11:849–850

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lopez-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N, Dorado G, Siendones E, Velasco F (2006) Tissue factor as an effector of angiogenesis and tumor progression in hematological malignancies. Leukemia 20:1331–1340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Pendurthi UR, Rao LV (2002) Factor VIIa/tissue factor-induced signaling: a link between clotting and disease. Vitam Horm 64:323–355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Semin Ruf W, Mueller BM (2006) Thrombin generation and the pathogenesis of cancer. Thromb Hemost 32(Suppl 1):61–68

    Google Scholar 

  27. Nierodzik ML, Karpatkin S (2006) Thrombin induces tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis: Evidence for a thrombin-regulated dormant tumor phenotype. Cancer Cell 10:355–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Skobe M, Rockwell P, Goldstein N, Vosseler S, Fusenig NE (1997) Halting angiogenesis suppresses carcinoma cell invasion. Nat Med 3:1222–1227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mueller BM, Reisfeld RA, Edgington TS, Ruf W (1992) Expression of tissue factor by melanoma cells promotes efficient hematogenous metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:11832–11836

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Heinrich JE, Pollard M, Wolter WA et al (2006) Vaccination against prostate cancer using a live tissue factor deficient cell line in Lobund-Wistar rats. Cancer Immunol Immunother (Epub ahead of print, Sep 5)

  31. Versteeg HH, Spek CA, Peppelenbosch MP, Richel DJ (2004) Tissue factor and cancer metastasis: the role of intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways. Mol Med 10:6–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Jiang X, Guo YL, Bromberg ME (2006) Formation of tissue factor-factor VIIa-factor Xa complex prevents apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Thromb Haemost 96:196–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. De Cicco M (2004) The prothrombotic state in cancer: pathogenic mechanisms. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 50:187–196

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kwaan HC, Parmar S, Wang J (2003) Pathogenesis of increased risk of thrombosis in cancer. Semin Thromb Hemost 29:283–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gordon SG, Cross BA (1990) An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for cancer procoagulant and its potential as new tumor marker. Cancer Res 50:6229–6243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lee AY (2002) Cancer and thromboembolic disease: pathogenic mechanisms. Cancer Treat Rev 28:137–140

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gale AJ, Gordon S (2001) Update on tumor cell procoagulant factors. Acta Haematol 106:25–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kamocka M, Rozalski M, Krajewska U, Wierzbicki R, Mielicki WP (2005) Effect of cancer procoagulant (CP) on the growth and adhesion of MCF-7 cells to vitronectin in vitro. Cancer Lett 222:89–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Nierodzik ML, Karpatkin S (2006) Thrombin induces tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis: evidence for a thrombin-regulated dormant tumor phenotype. Cancer Cell 10:355–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sampson MT, Kakkar AK (2002) Coagulation proteases and human cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 30:201–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bono F, Schaeffer P, Herault JP et al (2000) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:E107–E112

    Google Scholar 

  42. Riewald M, Kravchenko VV, Petrovan RJ, O’Brien PJ, Brass LF, Ulevitch RJ, Ruf W (2001) Blood 97:3109–3116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Macfarlane SR, Seatter MJ, Kanke T, Hunter GD, Plevin R (2001) Proteinase-activated receptors. Pharmacol Rev 53:245–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rak J, Klement P, Yu J (2006) Genetic determinants of cancer coagulopathy, angiogenesis and disease progression. Vnitr Lek 52(Suppl 1):135–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Smorenburg SM, Van Noorden CJ (2001) The complex effects of heparins on cancer progression and metastasis in experimental studies. Pharmacol Rev 53:93–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Dubina MV, Petrishchev NN, Anisimov VN (1999) Microvascular endothelium dysfunction during growth of transplanted lymphosarcoma and glioma in rats. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 18:537–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Geiger M, Binder BR (1999) Pathophysiology of immobilization. Wien Med Wochenschr 149:33–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gibbs NM (1957) Venous thrombosis of the lower limbs with particular reference to bed rest. Br J Surg 45:209

    Google Scholar 

  49. Warlow C, Ogston D, Douglas AS (1976) Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after strokes. Part I—incidence and predisposing factors. Br Med J 1:1178–1181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Turpie AG, Gallus A, Beattie WS, Hirsh J (1977) Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with intracranial disease by intermittent pneumatic compression of the calf. Neurology 27:435–438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Heit JA (2006) The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community: implications for prevention and management. J Thromb Thrombolysis 21:23–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cohen LF, Balow JE, Magrath IT et al (1980) Acute tumor lysis syndrome: a review of 37 patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma. Am J Med 68:486–491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Haddad TC, Greeno EW (2006) Chemotherapy-induced thrombosis. Thromb Res 118:555–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Agnelli G, Verso M (2006) Therapy Insight: venous-catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 3:214–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pavic M, Debourdeau P, Aletti M, Farge-Bancel D, Rousset H (2006) Venous thromboembolism and cancer. Rev Med Interne 27:313–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gouin-Thibault I, Achkar A, Samama MM (2001) The thrombophilic state in cancer patients. Acta Haematol 106:33–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Falanga A (2005) Thrombophilia in cancer. Semin Thromb Hemost 31:104–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Oberhoff C, Rollwagen C, Tauchert AM, Hoffmann O, Winkler UH, Schindler AE (2001) Perioperative development of a thrombogenic risk profile in patients with carcinomas of the breast: a cause of increased thrombosis. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 21:560–568

    Google Scholar 

  59. Tripodi A, Mannucci PM, Chantarangkul V et al (1993) Markers of procoagulant imbalance in patients with localized melanomas and autoimmune disorders. Br J Haematol 84:670–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sallah S, Husain A, Sigounas V et al (2004) Plasma coagulation markers in patients with solid tumors and venous thromboembolic disease receiving oral anticoagulation therapy. Clin Cancer Res 10:7238–7243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sagripanti A, Carpi A, Baicchi U, Grassi B (1993) Plasmatic parameters of fibrin formation and degradation in cancer patients: correlation between fibrinopeptide A and D-dimer. Biomed Pharmacother 47:235–239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Chojnowski K, Trelinski J, Wawrzyniak E, Robak T (2002) The influence of low molecular weight heparin on the intravascular activation of the coagulation system in patients with acute leukemia during induction chemotherapy–report of a prospective randomized study. Leuk Lymphoma 43:1021–1028

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Dixit A, Kannan M, Mahapatra M, Choudhry VP, Saxena R (2006) Roles of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III in acute leukemia. Am J Hematol 81:171–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Beer JH, Haeberli A, Vogt A et al (2002) Coagulation markers predict survival in cancer patients. Thromb Haemost 88:745–749

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Blackwell K, Hurwitz H, Lieberman G et al (2004) Circulating D-dimer levels are better predictors of overall survival and disease progression than carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 101:77–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kim HK, Song KS, Lee KR, Kang YH, Lee YJ, Lee ES (2004) Comparison of plasma D-dimer and thrombus precursor protein in patients with operable breast cancer as a potential predictor of lymph node metastasis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 15:9–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tomimaru Y, Yano M, Takachi K et al (2006) Plasma D-dimer levels show correlation with number of lymph node metastases in patients with esophageal cancer. J Am Coll Surg 202:139–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Unsal E, Atalay F, Atikcan S, Yilmaz A (2004) Prognostic significance of hemostatic parameters in patients with lung cancer. Respir Med 98:93–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Paneesha S, Cheyne E, French K, Bacchu S, Borg A, Rose P (2006) High D-dimer levels at presentation in patients with venous thromboembolism is a marker of adverse clinical outcomes. Br J Haematol 135:85–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Schutgens RE, Beckers MM, Haas FJ, Biesma DH (2005) The predictive value of D-dimer measurement for cancer in patients with deep vein thrombosis. Haematologica 90:214–219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rege KP, Jones S, Day J, Hoggarth CE (2004) In proven deep vein thrombosis, a low positive D-Dimer score is a strong negative predictor for associated malignancy. Thromb Haemost 91:1219–1222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Agnelli G (1997) Venous thromboembolism and cancer: a two way clinical association. Thromb Haemost 78:117–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Nordstrom M, Lindbald B, Anderson H et al (1994) Deep vein thrombosis and occult malignancy: an epidemiological study. Br Med J 308:891–894

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Cornuz J, Pearson SD, Creagor MA et al (1996) Importance of findings on the initial evaluation for cancer in patients with symptomatic idiopathic deep vein thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 25:785–793

    Google Scholar 

  75. Monreal M, Fernandez-Llamazares, Perandreu J, Urrutia A, Sahuquillo JC, Contel E (1997) Occult cancer in patients with venous thromboembolism: which patients, which cancers. Thromb Haemost 78:1316–1318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hettiarachchi RJ, Lok J, Prins MH, Buller HR, Prandoni P (1998) Undiagnosed malignancy in patients with deep vein thrombosis: incidence, risk indicators, and diagnosis. Cancer 83:180–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rajan R, Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J, Geerts W, Skingley P, Julian J (1998) The occurrence of subsequent malignancy in patients presenting with deep vein thrombosis: results from a historical cohort study. Thromb Haemost 79:19–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rance A, Emmerich J, Guedi C et al (1997) Occult cancer in patients with bilateral deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 350:1448–1449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Steffensen FH et al (1998) The risk of a diagnosis of cancer after primary deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 338:1169–1173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Baron JA, Gridley G, Weiderpass E et al (1998) Venous thromboembolism and cancer. Lancet 351:1077–1080

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Sorensen HT, Mellmkjaer L, Olsen JH et al (2000) Prognosis of cancers associated with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 343:1846–1850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Buller HR et al (1992) Deep-vein thrombosis and the incidence of subsequent symptomatic cancer. N Engl J Med 327:1128–1133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Monreal M, Casal A, Boix J et al (1993) Occult cancer in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. A prospective Study Chest 103:816–819

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Monreal M, Lensing AWA, Prins MH et al (2004) Screening for occult cancer in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2:876–881

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Piccioli A, Lensing AW, Prins MH et al, SOMIT Investigators Group. (2004) Extensive screening for occult malignant disease in idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost 2:884–889

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Kakkar AK (2004) Thrombosis and cancer. Hematol J 5:S20–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Levine MN, Lee AY (2003) Risk assessment and primary VTE prevention in cancer patients. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 33(Suppl.1):36–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Mousa SA (2002) Anticoagulants in thrombosis and cancer: the missing link. Semin Thromb Hemost 28:45–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mismetti P, Laporte S, Darmon JY, Buchmuller A, Decousus H (2001) Meta-analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgery. Br J Surg 88:913–930

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Levine M, Hirsh J, Gent M et al (1994) Double-blind randomised trial of a very-low-dose warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer. Lancet 343:886–889

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Bern MM, Lokich JJ, Wallach SR et al (1990) Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters. A randomized prospective trial. Ann Intern Med 112:423–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Couban S, Simpson DR, Barnett MJ et al, Canadian Bone Marrow Transplant Group. (2002) A randomized multicenter comparison of bone marrow and peripheral blood in recipients of matched sibling allogeneic transplants for myeloid malignancies. Blood 100:1525–1531

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Mousa SA (2005) Antithrombotics in thrombosis and cancer. Hamostaseologie 25:380–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Gould MK, Dembitzer AD, Doyle RL, Hastie TJ, Garber AM (1999) Low-molecular-weight heparins compared with unfractionated heparin for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 130:800–809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. van Dongen CJ, Mac Gillavry MR, Prins MH (2003) Once versus twice daily LMWH for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD003074

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Piccioli A et al (2002) Recurrent venous thromboembolism and bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer and venous thrombosis. Blood 100:3484–3488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI et al, Randomized comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin versus oral anticoagulant therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer (CLOT) investigators. (2003) Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 349:146–153

    Google Scholar 

  98. Meyer G, Marjanovic Z, Valcke J et al (2002) Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med 162:1729–1735

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Schafer AI, Levine MN, Konkle BA, Kearon C (2003) Thrombotic disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 520–539

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Servizio di Immunoematologia e Trasfusione – Centro Emofilia, Azinda ospedaliera de Verona, Ospedale Policlinico, Piazzale Ludovico Scuro, 37134, Verona, Italy

    Massimo Franchini

  2. Istituto di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Morfologiche, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy

    Martina Montagnana & Giuseppe Lippi

  3. Sezione di Endocrinologia e Malattie del Metabolismo, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy

    Giovanni Targher

  4. Laboratorio di Analisi Chimico-Cliniche, Ospedale C. Poma, Mantova, Italy

    Franco Manzato

Authors
  1. Massimo Franchini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Martina Montagnana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Giovanni Targher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Franco Manzato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Giuseppe Lippi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Massimo Franchini.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Franchini, M., Montagnana, M., Targher, G. et al. Pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory aspects of thrombosis in cancer. J Thromb Thrombolysis 24, 29–38 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-007-0028-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-007-0028-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation