Abstract
Studies on the delay characteristics under the Internet macro-topology provides a reference for resolving the real-time performance issue of the data transmission of Internet devices. With the overall advancement of IPv6 Internet deployment, the changes in network structure and paths will generate different degrees of delay. In this context, a comparative analysis of the behavioral characteristics of IPv4 and IPv6 network delay was performed in this study. We selected the sampled data of valid paths located at four monitors on different continents under the CAIDA_Ark project to obtain statistics for the network delay and communication diameter on the IPv4 and IPv6 Internet and found that their correlation was extremely weak. Furthermore, the communication diameter on IPv6 Internet was slightly shorter than that on IPv4 Internet. The network delay exhibited a bimodal or multimodal heavy-tailed distribution. The network delay and maximum link delay for IPv4 and IPv6 Internet were strongly correlated, indicating that the bottleneck delay affects the relationship between the network delay and communication diameter. Next, we analyzed the relationship between network delay and bottleneck delay for IPv4 and IPv6 Internet and found that bottleneck delay has a more significant impact on the network delay on the valid paths for IPv4 Internet than for IPv6 Internet. After mapping the IP addresses at both ends of the bottleneck delay to the Autonomous Systems (ASes), we found that the bottleneck delay on the valid paths for the IPv4 Internet was mostly distributed in the intra-AS, whereas it was in the inter-AS for the IPv6 Internet. Finally, we analyzed the factors affecting bottleneck delay and found that propagation delay in the long-distance range is an important factor (L > 4000 km on IPv4 Internet and L > 7000 km on IPv6 Internet). In addition, for IPv4 Internet, queuing delay is an important factor affecting bottleneck delay, whereas in the process of data communication on the IPv6 Internet, the impact of propagation and queuing delays on the bottleneck delay is weakened.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that has been used in this paper is cited with references at their respective place.
References
Khalifeh, A. F., Al-Taee, M. A., & Murshed, A. N. (2017). Network-status aware quality adaptation algorithm for improving real-time video streaming over the internet. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76, 26129–26152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3999-5
Jiang, B., Abdullah, A. A., Xiong, H. Y., Li, J., Li, L., Chen, H. Y., Wang, J., Dou, D. J., & Guo, Z. S. (2022). Machine learning in real-time Internet of Things (IoT) systems: A survey. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9(11), 8364–8386. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2022.3161050
Kim, J., Jeon, Y., & Kim, H. (2018). The intelligent IoT common service platform architecture and service implementation. The Journal of Supercomputing, 74, 4242–4260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-016-1845-1
Martin, S., Sacha, H., Martin, H., Marko, S., & Klaus, W. (2021). Challenges and opportunities in securing the industrial Internet of Things. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 17(5), 2985–2996. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2020.3023507
Niccolo, P., Manuel, C., & Iyad, R. (2020). BeeMe: Real-time Internet control of situated human agents. Computer, 53(8), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2020.2996824
Akio, K., Takuya, T., Bijoy, C. C, & Eiji, O. (2021). An optimal allocation scheme of satabase and applications for delay sensitive IoT services. In 2021 IEEE Global communications conference (GLOBECOM), (pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685736
ICANN. (2019). IANA-Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. http://www.iana.org/numbers/.
Esteban, C., Carlos, S., Ignacio, J. A., & Amogh, D. (2019). Studying the evolution of content providers in IPv4 and IPv6 internet cores. Computer Communications, 145, 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2019.05.022
Li, F. L., Yang, J. H., Wu, J. P., Zheng, Z. Y., Zhang, H. J., & Wang, X. W. (2014). Configuration analysis and recommendation: Case studies in IPv6 networks. Computer Communications, 37, 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2013.09.014
Zeydan, E., & Turk, Y. (2023). User plane acceleration service for next-generation cellular networks. Telecommunication Systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-023-01058-6
He, Y., Siganos, G., Faloutsos, M. (2012). Internet topology. In Meyers, R. (Eds.), Computational complexity (pp. 1663–1680). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1800-9_107
Yang, B., Zhao, H., Zhang, J., Ai, J., Jia, S. Y., Ge, X., & Liu, W. (2013). Analysis of interlayer connection catastrophe characteristics in internet AS level topology. Telkomnika Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering, 11(2), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i2.1978
Zhao, H., Xu, Y., & Su, W. J. (2006). Analysis of short-term and long-term forecast of weighted Internet traveling diameter. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 43(6), 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10.1360/crad20060610
Hu, Z. G., Tian, C. Q., Du, L., Guan, X. Q., & Gao, F. (2017). Current research and future perspective on IP network performance measurement. Journal of Software, 28(1), 105–134. https://doi.org/10.13328/j.cnki.jos.005127
Soham, D., & Sartaj, S. (2015). Network topology optimization for data aggregation using multiple paths. International Journal of Metaheuristics, 4(2), 115–140. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMHEUR.2015.074238
Mi, X., Zhu, J., & Zhao, H. (2014). Analysis of fractal characteristic of Internet router and IPv6 level topology. Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 35(1), 43–46. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-3026.2014.01.010
Zhang, Y., Yang, G.Z., & Luo, Z.H. (2021). Research on topology evolution of autonomous system network. In ICCNS '21: Proceedings of the 2021 11th international conference on communication and network security (pp. 66–79). https://doi.org/10.1145/3507509.3507519
Hébert-Dufresne, L., Grochow, J., & Allard, A. (2016). Multi-scale structure and topological anomaly detection via a new network statistic: The onion decomposition. Scientific Reports, 6, 31708. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31708
Schieber, T. A., Carpi, L. C., Pardalos, P. M., Cristina, M., Albert, D. G., & Martín, G. R. (2023). Diffusion capacity of single and interconnected networks. Nature Communications, 14, 2217. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37323-0
Guo, R. C. (2022). News hotspot event diffusion mechanism based on complex network. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1455324
CAIDA. https://www.caida.org/
CAIDA Ark Project. https://www.caida.org/projects/ark/
Zhang, B., Tze, S. E. N., Animesh, N., Rudolf, H. R., Peter, D., & Wang, G. (2010). Measurement-based analysis, modeling, and synthesis of the Internet delay space. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 18(1), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2009.2024083
Zhang, Y., Ricardo, O., Wang, Y. Y., Shen, S., Zhang, B. B., Bi, J., Zhang, H. L., & Zhang, L. X. (2011). A framework to quantify the pitfalls of using traceroute in AS-level topology measurement. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 29(9), 1822–1836. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2011.111007
Marchetta, P., de Donato, W., & Pescapé, A. (2013). Detecting third-party addresses in traceroute traces with IP timestamp option. Passive and Active Measurement, 7799, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36516-4_3
Lin, C., Bi, Y. G., Zhao, H., & Cai, W. (2017). Research on bottleneck-delay in internet based on IP united mapping. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 10, 1219–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-016-0474-z
Matt, C., Fan, X., Hu, Z., Ethan, K.B., John, H. & Ramesh, G. (2013). Mapping the expansion of Goolge’s serving infrastructure, In IMC '13: Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference (pp.313–326). https://doi.org/10.1145/2504730.2504754
Gonca, G. (2019). On spectral analysis of the Internet delay space and detecting anomalous routing paths. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 27(2), 738–751. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-79
Hiroomi, I. (2020). Detection bottleneck links without multiple nodes. In 2020 International symposium on information theory and its applications (ISITA), (pp. 490–493). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9366209/references#references
Liu, J. L., Huang, J. W., Jiang, W. C., Li, Z. Y., Li, Y. J., Lyu, W. J., Jiang, W. C., Zhang, J., & Wang, J. X. (2022). End-to-End congestion control to provide deterministic latency over internet. IEEE Communications Letters, 26(4), 843–847. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2022.3144692
Ali, G. (2022). The delay measurement and analysis of unreachable hosts of internet. The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, 19(1), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.34028/iajit/19/1/8
Zeeshan, A., Adnan, S., Sohaib, L., Abdul, H., & Muhammad, Y. (2023). Challenges and mitigation strategies for transition from IPv4 network to virtualized next-generation IPv6 network. The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, 20(1), 78–91. https://doi.org/10.34028/iajit/20/1/9
Stanford, L. L., & Stephen, S. (2014). IPv4 to IPv6: Challenges, solutions, and lessons. Telecommunications Policy, 38(11), 1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2014.06.008
El Khadiri, K., Labouidya, O., Kamoun, N. E., & Hilal, R. (2019). Study of the impact of routing on the performance of IPv4/IPv6 transition mechanisms. Smart Data and Computational Intelligence, 66, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11914-0_5
Hsu, K. S., & Shen, C. A. (2023). The design of a configurable and low-latency packet parsing system for communication networks. Telecommunication System, 82, 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-023-00992-9
John, P., Mark, A., & Dale, D. (2019). IPv6 diffusion milestones: Assessing the quantity and quality of adoption. Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 28(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.58729/1941-6679.1375
Streibelt, F., Patrick, S., Franziska, L, Carlos H. G, Anja, F., Oliver, G., Tobias, F. (2023). How Ready is DNS for an IPv6-Only World?. In Passive and active measurement PAM 2023 (Vol. 13882, pp. 525–549). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28486-1_22
Mehdi, N., & Roch, G. (2016). Migrating the internet to IPv6: An exploration of the when and why. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 24(4), 2291–2304. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2015.2453338
Jia, S. Y., Matthew, L., Bradley, H., Ahmed, E., Emile, A., Kimberly, C., & Amogh, D. (2019). Tracking the deployment of IPv6: Topology, routing and performance. Computer Networks, 165, 106947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2019.106947
Neha, J., Ashish, P., & Aarti, J. (2021). Performance analysis of routing protocols on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing networks. Journal of Web Engineering, 20(5), 1389–1428. https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2055
Li, F. L., Wang, X. W., Pan, T., & Yang, J. H. (2017). A case study of IPv6 network performance: Packet delay, loss, and reordering. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 4, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3056475
Li, K. H., & Wong, K. Y. (2021). Empirical analysis of IPv4 and IPv6 networks through dual-stack sites. Information, 12(6), 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12060246
Sanjay, A., Balaji, R., Pushparaj, S. D., & Gopinath, P. (2019). Revisiting the performance of DNS queries on a DNS hierarchy testbed over dual-stack. The Computer Journal, 64(1), 843–859. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa143
Ayoub, B., Faycal, B., Fatima, E. L., Azeddine, K., Yousaf, K., & Mohamed, T. (2019). Automation of network simulation: Concepts related to IPv4 and IPv6 convergence. Procedia Computer Science, 155, 456–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.08.063
Wang, X. N., Cheng, H. B., & Le, D. G. (2018). A routing scheme for connecting delay-sensitive urban vehicular networks to the IPv6-based internet. Telecommunication System, 69, 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-018-0443-3
Sadettin, D., & Ibrahim, O. (2020). A priority-based queuing model approach using destination parameters for real-time applications on IPv6 networks. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 28(2), 727–742. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1904-123
Vern, P. (1999). End-to-end internet packet dynamics. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 7(3), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1109/90.779192
Bradley, H., Marina, F., Daniel. J. P., David, M., & Claffy, K. (2002). Distance metrics in the internet. In IEEE international telecommunications symposium (pp.1–6). https://doi.org/10.14209/its.2002.603
Liu, X., Wang, J. F., Jing, W., Jong, M. D., Tummers, J. S., & Zhao, H. (2018). Evolution of the internet AS-level topology: From nodes and edges to components. Chinese Physics B, 27(12), 120501. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/27/12/120501
Zhang, G. Q., Bruno, Q., & Zhou, S. (2011). Phase changes in the evolution of the IPv4 and IPv6 AS-Level Internet topologies. Computer Communications, 34, 649–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2010.06.004
Witono,T., Yazid S. (2022). A review of Internet topology research at the autonomous system level. In Proceedings of sixth international congress on information and communication technology (vol. 235, pp. 581–598). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2377-6_54
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 71771110, the Planning Research Foundation of Social Science of the Ministry of Education of China under Grant No. 16YJA630014, and the Basic Scientific Research Project of the Education Department of Liaoning Province (Surface Project) under Grant No. LJKZ1065.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
HT wrote the main manuscript text, KG made Supervision and XG prepared all figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, H., Guo, K. & Guan, X. Statistical behavioral characteristics of network communication delay in IPv4/IPv6 Internet. Telecommun Syst 85, 679–698 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-024-01111-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-024-01111-y