Abstract
The channel in a communication system is usually affected by noise, so channel coding is employed to avoid contamination of data due to noise. Channel coding is a significant and persuasive part of cellular communication systems, which increases the reliability of data transmission by detecting and correcting errors generated in the data while passing through the channel. The fourth generation standard can't achieve desired channel capacity and latency due to its high error floor, which is a challenge. For fifth generation (5G), two different channel coding techniques have been chosen by third generation partnership project for error-free data transmission. In the 5G standard, the data and control channels use low-density parity check (LDPC) and polar codes, respectively, due to their inherent benefits. This paper broadly surveys channel coding techniques varying code rate (R), codeword (N) and message (K) bits for encoding and list size (L) and iterations in decoding for 5G standards. The MATLAB-based simulation helps to find the best channel for the 5G standard considering the bit error rate (BER) and channel capacity performance among additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), Rayleigh and Rician channels for different channel coding and modulation techniques. The Monte-Carlo simulation shows that the LDPC codes with higher iteration and polar codes with larger list sizes achieve better BER performance keeping the code rate and modulation order lower for the AWGN channel. The simulation findings demonstrate that the distributed cyclic redundancy check successive cancellation list polar decoder outperforms the LDPC min-sum decoder without offset (N = 1024, K = 512, iteration or L = 16) but with offset it enhances LDPC’s BER performance making it suitable for even shorter N.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Pratap, K., & Ranjay, H. (2021). An efficient channel and power allocation scheme for D2D enabled cellular communication system: An IoT application. IEEE Sensors Journal, 21(1), 25340–25351.
Yanming, L., et al. (2021). Resource allocation and 3D placement for UAV-enabled energy-efficient IoT communications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(3), 1322–1333.
Ramraj, D., et al. (2021). Study and investigation on 5G technology: A systematic review. MDPI Journal of Sensors, 22(1), 1–32.
Pekka, P. (2014). A brief overview of 5G research activities. In 1st international conference on 5G for ubiquitous connectivity, Akaslompolo, Finland (pp. 17–22).
Muhammad, J. S., et al. (2021). 5G networks towards smart and sustainable cities: A review of recent developments, applications, and future perspectives. IEEE Access, PP(99), 1–1.
Xiaohang, L., Chih-Chun, W., & Xiaojun, L. (2010). Throughput and delay analysis on uncoded and coded wireless broadcast with hard deadline constraints. In 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, San Diego, CA, USA (pp. 1–5).
Peter, S. (2002). Error control coding from theory to practice (1st ed.). Wiley.
Emtithal, A. T., & Ryuji, K. (2014). Dependable medical network based on 2G and 3G cellular mobile standards with external channel code in concatenated code structure. International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, 3(4), 244–247.
Harri, H., & Antti, T. (2010). WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA evolution and LTE (5th ed.). Wiley.
Felipe, A. P. F., et al. (2013). LTE-advanced channel coding generic procedures a high-level model to guide low-level implementations. Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS), 2013, 1–7.
Borko, F., & Syed, A. A. (2009). Long term evolution: 3GPP LTE radio and cellular technology, chapter 3 (1st ed.). CRC Press.
Aarti, S., & Mohammad, S. (2017). Polar code: The channel code contender for 5G scenarios. In 2017 IEEE international conference on computer, communications and electronics, Jaipur, India (pp. 676–682).
Shuai, S., et al. (2019). Survey of turbo, LDPC, and polar decoder ASIC implementations. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 21(3), 2309–2333.
Mustafa, S. A., et al. (2023). A comparative study on channel coding scheme for underwater acoustic communication. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 12(1), 176–186.
Ming, Z., et al. (2018). Channel coding for high-performance wireless control in critical applications: Survey and analysis. IEEE Access, 6(1), 29648–29664.
Thibaud, T., et al. (2016). Lowering the error floor of turbo codes with CRC verification. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 5(4), 404–407.
Onurcan, I., Diego, L., & Wen, X. (2016). A comparison of channel coding schemes for 5G short message transmission. IEEE Globecom Workshops, 2016, 1–6.
Salima, B., Abdelmounaim, M. L., & Ridha, I. B. (2021). Performance comparison of channel coding schemes for 5G massive machine type communications. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 22(2), 294–300.
Kun, Z., & Zhanji, W. (2020). Comprehensive Study on CC-LDPC, BC-LDPC and Polar Code. In 2020 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference workshops (WCNCW), Seoul, Korea (pp. 1–6).
ETSI EN300909 Version 8.5.1. (2000). Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); channel coding.
Volker, F. (2000). Turbo-detection for GSM-systems—channel estimation, equalization, and decoding. Ph.D. thesis.
Naga, K., Murali, B., Sk, S. S., & Poorna, A. (2019). FPGA based convolutional encoder for GSM-900 architecture. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(4), 642–650.
Fatima, L. P. D., Antonio, A. F. L., Leonardo, B. O., & Claudio, M. S. V. (2002). GPRS systems performance analysis. In International telecommunications symposium, Natal, Brazil.
Peter, R. (2006). Mobile broadband: EDGE, HSPA, LTE (3–39). 3G Americas, white paper.
Sadayuki, A., & Hisashi, K. (2002). Performance of very low-rate channel coding in W-CDMA reverse link. In 13th IEEE international symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications (pp. 961–965).
3GPP2v2. (2004). Physical layer standard for cdma2000 spread spectrum systems.
Ramasamy, K., Balamuralithara, B., & Mohammad, U. S. (2006). A new class of asymmetric turbo code for 3G systems. AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 60(6), 447–458.
Balakrishnan, B., & Kalpana, S. (2008). An investigation of code matched interleaved for 3G turbo code systems. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1972–1976.
Bernard, S. (2001). Digital communications: fundamentals and applications (2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Opeoluwa, T. E., et al. (2018). From 1G to 5G, what next? IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, 45(3), 413–434.
Mischa, S. (2005). Mobile wireless communications. Cambridge University Press.
Dhruv, S. T., Krishnakant, N., & Rohini, P. (2013). Evolution of high-speed download packet access (HSDPA) networks. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2(11), 2183–2186.
Evgenii, K. (2011). Modulation and coding techniques in wireless communications. Wiley.
Arunabha, G. (2018). Fundamentals of LTE/GSM technology, chapter 1 (1st ed., pp. 1–43). Pearson Education.
Mustafa, E., & Roger, H. (2009). Sets of rate-compatible universal turbo codes nearly optimized over various rates and interleaver sizes. United States patent. http://patents.google.com/patent/US20150249472A1/en
TRAI. (2018). Evolution of mobile communications (1G, 2G, and 3G)—Part I. Technology Digest Bulletin of Telecom Technology.
Dung, N. D., Jack, K. W., & Yongbin, W. (2013). Tail-biting convolutional decoding. United States patent. https://patents.google.com/patent/US8548102
Mohammed, J., & Zouhair, G. (2010). Wireless mobile evolution to 4G network. Journal of Wireless Sensor Network, 2(4), 309–317.
3GPP TS 36.212. (2018). LTE; evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA); multiplexing and channel coding.
TRAI. (2013). LTE (advanced).
Vinoth, P., & Jayakumar, P. (2013). A survey on modulation schemes used for link adaptation in WiMAX networks’. International Journal of Computer Applications, 73(4), 18–23.
Shuang, S., & Biju, I. (2014). Analysis of WiFi and WiMAX and wireless network coexistence. International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, 6(6), 63–78.
Zahraa, R. M. H., et al. (2019). Channel coding scheme for 5G mobile communication system for short length message transmission. Journal of Wireless Personal Communications, 2019(106), 377–400.
Bae, J. H., et al. (2019). An overview of channel coding for 5G NR cellular communications. APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing, 8(17), 1–14.
Salima, B., Abdelmounaim, M. L., & Ridha, I. B. (2021). Performance comparison of channel coding schemes for 5G massive machine type communications. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 22(2), 902–908.
Zunaria, B., et al. (2020). Polar codes and their quantum-domain counterparts. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 22(1), 123–155.
Deepak, K. C., & Md, K. (2015). Evaluation of SNR for AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels under DPSK modulation scheme with constant BER. International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 3(1), 7–12.
Deergha, K. R. (2015). Channel coding techniques for wireless communications, chapter 1 (2nd ed., pp. 1–20). Springer.
Nuzhat, T. A. (2012). Effect of AWGN & Fading (Raleigh & Rician) channels on BER performance of a WiMAX communication system. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 10(8), 11–17.
Nitha, V. P., & Sukesh, K. A. (2014). BER performance evaluation of different digital modulation schemes for biomedical signal transceivers under AWGN and fading channel conditions. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 3(5), 212–215.
Md Golam, S. (2015). Bit error rate (BER) comparison of AWGN channels for different type’s digital modulation using MATLAB simulink. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences ASRJETS, 13(1), 61–71.
Mousa, K. W., Rashid, A. F., & Doaa, Y. A. (2017). Performance of AWGN and fading channels on wireless communication systems using several techniques. International Journal of Wireless Communications and Networking Technologies, 6(3), 19–23.
Mac, E. V. V., & Wendy, M. M. (2001). Radio, electronics, computers and communications, chapter 25 (9th ed., pp. 3–27). Elsevier.
Zeynep, B. K. E., et al. (2019). The development, operation and performance of the 5G polar codes. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 22(1), 96–122.
3GPP TS 38.212 Version 16.3.0. (2020). 5G; NR; multiplexing and channel coding. ETSI.
Robert, G. G. (1963). Low-density parity-check codes, Ph.D. thesis.
Zongjie, T., & Shiyoung, Z. (2007). Overview of LDPC codes. In 7th international conference on computer and information technology, Wakamatsu, Japan (pp. 469–474).
ETSI TS 138 212 Version 15.2.0. (2018). 5G; NR; multiplexing and channel coding. ETSI.
Hao, W., & Huayong, W. (2019). A high throughput implementation of QC-LDPC codes for 5G NR. IEEE Access, 7(1), 185373–185384.
Jincheng, D., et al. (2021). Learning to decode protograph LDPC codes. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 39(7), 1–16.
Tom, R., & Shrinivas, K. (2018). Design of low-density parity check codes for 5G new radio. IEEE Communications Magazine, 56(3), 28–34.
Chong, Z., Xijin, M., Jinhong, Y., & Huaan, L. (2021). Construction of multi-rate quasi-cyclic LDPC codes for satellite communications. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 69(11), 7154–7166.
Fatemeh, H. S., Ajit, N., & Gregory, E. (2018). Analysis of 5G LDPC codes rate-matching design. In 2018 IEEE 87th vehicular technology conference (VTC Spring), Porto, Portugal (pp. 1–5).
Vladimir, L. P., Dragomir, M. E. M., & Andreja, R. (2021). Flexible 5G new radio LDPC encoder optimized for high hardware usage efficiency. MDPI Journal of Electronics, 10(9), 1–24.
Zongjie, T., & Shiyong, Z. (2007). Overview of LDPC codes. In Seventh international conference on computer and information technology (pp. 469–474).
Ezmin, A., & Azlina, I. (2015). Comparison between LDPC codes and QC-LDPC codes in term of PAPR in OFDM system with different encoding techniques. In 2015 IEEE 6th control and system graduate research colloquium, Shah Alam, Malaysia (pp. 23–26).
Tram, T. B. N., Tuy, N. T., & Hanho, L. (2019). Efficient QC-LDPC encoder for 5G new radio. MDPI Journal of Electronics, 8(6), 1–15.
Hangxuan, C., et al. (2021). Design of high-performance and area-efficient decoder for 5G LDPC codes. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I: Regular Papers, 68(2), 879–891.
Waheed, U., & Abid, Y. (2015). Comprehensive algorithmic review and analysis of LDPC codes. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 16(1), 111–130.
Yinchu, W., Ming, J., & Xiao, M. (2021). Transmitting extra bits with cyclically shifted LDPC codes. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 10(12), 2824–2827.
Ahmed, A. E., & Maha, E. (2014). Simplified variable-scaled min sum LDPC decoder for irregular LDPC codes. In 2014 IEEE 11th consumer communications and networking conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA (pp. 518–523).
Nam-Il, K. I. M., Seung-Que, L., Jin-Up, K. I. M. (2020). A modified min sum decoding algorithm based on approximation enhancement for LDPC codes. In 2020 international conference on information and communication technology convergence (ICTC), Jeju, Korea (pp. 1407–1410).
Pavithra, G., & Naveen, K. M. (2015). BER performance comparison of bit flipping algorithms used for decoding of LDPC codes. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 4(5), 1–5.
Junho, C., & Wonyong, S. (2010). Adaptive threshold technique for bit-flipping decoding of low-density parity-check codes. IEEE Communications Letters, 14(9), 857–859.
Tso-Cho, C. (2012). An efficient bit-flipping decoding algorithm for LDPC codes. In 2012 Cross-strait quad-regional radio science and wireless technology conference, New Taipei, Taiwan (pp. 109–112).
Nejwa, E. L. M., Seddik, B., & Jaouad, F. (2018). Layered offset min-sum decoding for low-density parity check codes. International Symposium on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies (ISAECT), 2018, 1–5.
Mohammad, R. I., Dewan, S. S., Muhammad, M. A. F., & Imran, R. (2011). Optimized min-sum decoding algorithm for low-density parity check codes. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2(12), 168–174.
Huan, L., Jing, G., Chen, G., & Donglin, W. (2017). A low-complexity min-sum decoding algorithm for LDPC codes. In 17th IEEE international conference on communication technology (pp. 102–105).
Jérémy, N., & Amer, B. (2021). Parallel and flexible 5G LDPC decoder architecture targeting FPGA. IEEE Transactions on Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 29(6), 1141–1151.
Jin, X., Liuguo, Y., Ning, G., & Jianhua, L. (2009). Improved layered min-sum decoding algorithm for low-density parity check codes. In 9th WSEAS international conference on multimedia systems & signal processing (pp. 102–107).
Anuj, V., & Rahul, S. (2020). A new VLSI architecture of next-generation QC-LDPC decoder for 5G new-radio wireless-communication standard. In 2020 IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems (ISCAS).
Erdal, A. (2009). Channel polarization: A method for constructing capacity-achieving codes for symmetric binary-input memoryless channels. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 55(7), 3051–3073.
Zeynep, B. K. E., Luping, X., Robert, G. M., & Lajos, H. (2019). The development, operation, and performance of the 5G polar codes. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 22(1), 96–122.
Valerio, B., Carlo, C., & Ingmar, L. (2020). Design of polar codes in 5G new radio. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 23(1), 29–40.
Erdal, A. (2011). Systematic polar coding. IEEE Communications Letters, 15(8), 860–862.
Ming, Y., & Hui, L. (2018). A performance comparison of systematic polar codes and non-systematic polar codes.In International conference on mathematics, modelling, simulation and algorithms (pp. 254–256).
Hoyoung, Y., & In-Cheol, P. (2015). Partially parallel encoder architecture for long polar codes. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—II: Express Briefs, 62(3), 306–310.
Wei, S., Yifei, S., Liping, L., Kai, N., & Chuan, Z. (2020). A general construction and encoder implementation of polar codes. IEEE Transactions on Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 28(7), 1690–1702.
Harish, V., Yi, H., & Emanuele, V. (2016). Efficient algorithms for systematic polar encoding. IEEE Communications Letters, 20(1), 17–21.
Xiumin, W., Zhihong, Z., Jun, L., Yu, W., Haiyan, C., Zhengquan, L., & Liang, S. (2019). An optimized encoding algorithm for systematic polar codes. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2019(1), 1–12.
Orion, A., Alexios, B. S., & Andreas, B. (2014). A low-complexity improved successive cancellation decoder for polar codes. In 2014 48th Asilomar conference on signals, systems and computers, CA, USA (pp. 2116–2120).
Seyyed, A. H., Carlo, C., & Warren, J. G. (2016). Simplified successive-cancellation list decoding of polar codes. In IEEE international symposium on information theory.
Bo, Y., & Keshab, K. P. (2014). Successive cancellation list polar decoder using log-likelihood ratios. In 2014 48th Asilomar conference on signals, systems and computers, CA, USA (pp. 548–552).
Kai, N., & Kai, C. (2012). CRC-aided decoding of polar codes. IEEE Communications Letters, 16(10), 1668–1671.
Bin, L., Hui, S., & David, T. (2012). An adaptive successive cancellation list decoder for polar codes with cyclic redundancy check. IEEE Communications Letters, 16(12), 2044–2047.
Junmei, Y., et al. (2015). Low-complexity adaptive successive cancellation list polar decoder based on relaxed sorting. In 2015 International conference on wireless communications & signal processing, Nanjing, China (pp. 1–5).
Xiumin, W., et al. (2019). Improved adaptive successive cancellation list decoding of polar codes. MDPI Journal of Entropy, 21(9), 1–13.
Walled, A., & Abdulkareem, A. K. (2021). Adaptive reduced paths successive cancellation list decoding for polar codes. Iraqi Journal of Information and Communications Technology (IJICT), 4(1), 19–31.
Syed, M. A., Youzhe, F., & Chi, Y. T. (2017). High-throughput and energy-efficient belief propagation polar code decoder. IEEE Transactions on Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 25(3), 1098–1111.
Sungkwon, H., & Jong-Moon, C. (2021). Improved CRC aided BP decoding for polar codes. Electronics Letters, 57(13), 526–528.
Ahmet, C. A., & Orhan, G. (2021). A survey on belief propagation decoding of polar codes. China Communications, 18(8), 133–168.
Huazi, Z., et al. (2018). Parity-check polar coding for 5G and beyond. In 2018 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC), MO, USA (pp. 1–7).
Fengyi, C., et al. (2019). CRC-aided parity-check polar coding. IEEE Access, 7(1), 155574–155583.
Jacob, K., et al. (2022). CRC-aided list decoding of convolutional and polar codes for short messages in 5G. In IEEE international conference on communications (pp. 9–97).
Dennis, H., Michael, B., & Yufei, B. (2018). Interleaved CRC for polar codes'. In 2018 IEEE 87th vehicular technology conference (VTC), Porto, Portugal (pp. 1–5).
Haseong, K. H., & LeeHosung, P. (2021). Distributed CRC scheme for low-complexity successive cancellation flip decoding of polar codes. ICT Express, 8(3), 409–413.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Design and analysis were performed by Navin Kumar. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Navin Kumar. Dr Deepak Kedia helped to improve the quality of the manuscript. Dr Gaurav Purohit helped to carried out the MATLAB simulation and code verification. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar , N., Kedia, D. & Purohit, G. A review of channel coding schemes in the 5G standard. Telecommun Syst 83, 423–448 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-023-01028-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-023-01028-y