Abstract
Several wireless sensor networks (WSNs) simulations run in parallel computer architectures to improve their scalability. The main problem with this strategy is guaranteeing the reproducibility transparently to simulation users. We present a reproducible model for WSNs parallel simulations. The model uses a chunk partition strategy, in which all simulation elements are wrapped into chunks and simulated sequentially inside each chunk. We can simulate multiple chunks in parallel as often as possible by adding seed and a pseudo-random number generator in each of them, thus ensuring the same results. This model was integrated into the JSensor simulator and validated accordingly. An important aspect is that the new reproducibility model does not alter the simulation’s semantics, and it is transparent to the developer. The results demonstrated that our model could guarantee the reproducibility of stochastic WSNs parallel simulations performed in different computer systems with different threads.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abuarqoub A, Hammoudeh M, Alfayez F, Aldabbas O (2016) A survey on wireless sensor networks simulation tools and testbeds, chap 14. IFSA, Freiburg im Breisgau, pp 283–302
Akyildiz IF, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cyirci E (2002) Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Comput Netw 38(4):393–422
Ali R, Solis C, Salehie M, Omoronyia I, Nuseibeh B, Maalej W (2011) Social sensing: when users become monitors. In: Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGSOFT Symposium and the 13th European Conference on Foundations of Software Engineering. ACM, pp 476–479
Amdahl GM (1967) Validity of the single processor approach to achieving large scale computing capabilities. In: Proceedings of the April 18–20, 1967, Spring Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS’67 (Spring). ACM, New York, pp 483–485. https://doi.org/10.1145/1465482.1465560
Angelopoulos CM, Nikoletseas S, Patroumpa D, Rolim J (2010) Coverage-adaptive random walks for fast sensory data collection. In: 9th International Conference on Ad-hoc, Mobile and Wireless Networks
Aquino ALL, Nakamura EF (2009) Data centric sensor stream reduction for real-time applications in wireless sensor networks. Sensors (Basel) 9:9666–9688
Barr R, Haas ZJ, van Renesse R (2005) JiST: an efficient approach to simulation using virtual machines. Softw Pract Exp 35(6):539–576
Carothers CD, Perumalla KS, Fujimoto RM (1999) Efficient optimistic parallel simulations using reverse computation. ACM Trans Model Comput Simul 9(3):224–253
Chhimwal P, Rai DS, Rawat D (2013) Comparison between different wireless sensor simulation tools. IOSR J Electron Commun Eng 5(2):54–60
Cleveland MA, Brunner TA, Gentile NA, Keasler JA (2013) Obtaining identical results with double precision global accuracy on different numbers of processors in parallel particle Monte Carlo simulations. J Comput Phys 251:223–236
Dalle O (2012) On reproducibility and traceability of simulations. In: Winter Simulation Conference (WSC’12)
Doerel T (2009) Simulation of wireless ad-hoc sensor networks with QualNet. Technische Universitat Chemnitz, Chemnitz
Fidler F, Wilcox J (2018) Reproducibility of scientific results. In: Zalta EN (ed) The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, Winter 2018 edn. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Stanford
Fujimoto R (2015) Parallel and distributed simulation. In: 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, pp. 45–59
Fujimoto RM (1993) Parallel discrete event simulation: will the field survive? ORSA J Comput 5(3):213–230
Distributed Computing Group, ETH Zurich (2020) Sinalgo: simulator for network algorithms. https://github.com/sinalgo/sinalgo/. Accessed April 2020
Gustafson JL (1988) Reevaluating Amdahl’s law. Commun ACM 31:532–533
Hill DRC (2015) Parallel random numbers, simulation, and reproducible research. Comput Sci Eng 17:66–71
Johnson DB, Maltz DA, Broch J et al (2001) DSR: The dynamic source routing protocol for multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. Ad hoc Netw 5:139–172
Khan MZ, Askwith B, Bouhafs F, Asim M (2011) Limitations of simulation tools for large-scale wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Workshops of International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (WAINA ’11)
Lu W, Gong Y, Liu X, Wu J, Peng H (2017) Collaborative energy and information transfer in green wireless sensor networks for smart cities. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 14:1585–1593
Maia G, Aquino ALL, Guidoni D, Loureiro AAF (2013) A multicast reprogramming protocol for wireless sensor networks based on small world concepts. J Parallel Distrib Comput 73:1277–1291
Minakov I, Passerone R, Rizzardi A, Sicari S (2016) A comparative study of recent wireless sensor network simulators. ACM Trans Sens Netw 12(3):20:1–20:39
Ould-Ahmed-Vall EM, Riley GF, Heck BS (2007) Large-scale sensor networks simulation with GTSNetS. Simulation 83(3):273–290
Pacheco PS (1997) Parallel programming with MPI. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington
Quaglia F, Cortellessa V (2000) Grain sensitive event scheduling in time warp parallel discrete event simulation. In: Proceedings 14th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation. IEEE, pp 173–180
Rashid B, Rehmani MH (2016) Applications of wireless sensor networks for urban areas: a survey. J Netw Comput Appl 60(2016):192–219
Riley G, Park A (2016) PDNS: parallel and distributed NS (web site) (2004). Accessed 22 Oct
Riley GF, Henderson TR (2010) The ns-3 network simulator. In: Wehrle K, Gunes M, Gross J (eds) Modeling and tools for network simulation. Springer, Berlin, pp 15–34
Robey RW, Robey JM, Aulwes R (2011) In search of numerical consistency in parallel programming. Parallel Comput 37:217–229
Silva ML, dos Santos Junior LN, Lima JC, Aquino ALL (2019) Jsensor: a parallel simulator for huge wireless sensor networks applications. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 30(10):2296–2308
Sundani H, Li H, Devabhaktuni V, Alam M, Bhattacharya P (2011) Wireless sensor network simulators a survey and comparisons. Int J Comput Netw 2(5):249–265
Varga A, Hornig R (2008) An overview of the omnet++ simulation environment. In: 1st International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques for Communications, Networks and Systems and Workshops
Vieira MAM, Coelho Jr CN, da Silva D, da Mata JM (2003) Survey on wireless sensor network devices. In: IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA’03)
Wang X, Turner SJ, Low MYH, Gan BP (2005) Optimistic synchronization in HLA-based distributed simulation. Simulation 81(4):279–291
Weingärtner E, Vom Lehn H, Wehrle K (2009) A performance comparison of recent network simulators. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’09)
Xue Y, Lee HS, Yang M, Kumarawadu P, Ghenniwa HH, Shen W (2007) Performance evaluation of ns-2 simulator for wireless sensor networks. In: Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE07)
Yick J, Mukherjee B, Ghosal D (2008) Wireless sensor network survey. Comput Netw 52(12):2292–2330
Zeng X, Bagrodia R, Gerla M (1998) GloMoSim: a library for parallel simulation of large-scale wireless networks. In: Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS’98)
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge support from the Brazilian research agency CNPq (Grant No. 404895/2016-6), the Research Foundation of the State of Alagoas (FAPEAL) (Grant No. 60030 000346/2017), and the Research Foundation of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP) (Grant No. 2015/24544-5). We thank UFOP and TerraLab (Grant CNPq 481285/2012-1) for the infrastructure.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Silva, M.L., Lima, J.C. & Aquino, A.L.L. Reproducibility model for wireless sensor networks parallel simulations. J Supercomput 77, 870–889 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03298-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03298-8