Abstract
Deep elemental composition is a challenging measurement to achieve in the giant planets of the solar system. Yet, knowledge of the deep composition offers important insights in the internal structure of these planets, their evolutionary history and their formation scenarios. A key element whose deep abundance is difficult to obtain is oxygen, because of its propensity for being in condensed phases such as rocks and ices. In the atmospheres of the giant planets, oxygen is largely stored in water molecules that condense below the observable levels. At atmospheric levels that can be investigated with remote sensing, water abundance can modify the observed meteorology, and meteorological phenomena can distribute water through the atmosphere in complex ways that are not well understood and that encompass deeper portions of the atmosphere. The deep oxygen abundance provides constraints on the connection between atmosphere and interior and on the processes by which other elements were trapped, making its determination an important element to understand giant planets. In this paper, we review the current constraints on the deep oxygen abundance of the giant planets, as derived from observations and thermochemical models.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aglyamov YS, Lunine J, Becker HN, Guillot T, Gibbard SG, Atreya S, Bolton SJ, Levin S, Brown ST, Wong MH (2021) Lightning generation in moist convective clouds and constraints on the water abundance in Jupiter. J Geophys Res, Planets 126(2):e06504. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006504
Aglyamov YS, Lunine J, Atreya S, Guillot T, Becker HN, Levin S, Bolton SJ (2023) Giant planet lightning in nonideal gases. Planet Sci J 4(6):111. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/acd750
Aguichine A, Mousis O, Lunine JI (2022) The possible formation of Jupiter from supersolar gas. Planet Sci J 3(6):141. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac6bf1
Akins A, Hofstadter M, Butler B, Friedson AJ, Molter E, Parisi M, de Pater I (2023) Evidence of a polar cyclone on Uranus from VLA observations. Geophys Res Lett 50(10):e2023GL102872. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL102872
Asplund M, Grevesse N, Sauval AJ, Scott P (2009) The chemical composition of the Sun. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 47:481–522. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222
Atreya SK, Wong MH, Owen TC, Mahaffy PR, Niemann HB, de Pater I, Drossart P, Encrenaz T (1999) A comparison of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn: deep atmospheric composition, cloud structure, vertical mixing, and origin. Planet Space Sci 47:1243–1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00047-1
Atreya SK, Hofstadter MH, In JH, Mousis O, Reh K, Wong MH (2020) Deep atmosphere composition, structure, origin, and exploration, with particular focus on critical in situ science at the icy giants. Space Sci Rev 216(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-0640-8
Banfield D, Gierasch PJ, Bell M, Ustinov E, Ingersoll AP, Vasavada AR, West RA, Belton MJS (1998) Jupiter’s cloud structure from Galileo imaging data. Icarus 135(1):230–250. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5985
Bar-Nun A, Kleinfeld I, Kochavi E (1988) Trapping of gas mixtures by amorphous water ice. Phys Rev B 38:7749–7754. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.38.7749
Becker HN, Alexander JW, Atreya SK, Bolton SJ, Brennan MJ, Brown ST, Guillaume A, Guillot T, Ingersoll AP, Levin SM, Lunine JI, Aglyamov YS, Steffes PG (2020) Small lightning flashes from shallow electrical storms on Jupiter. Nature 584(7819):55–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2532-1
Beer R (1975) Detection of carbon monoxide in Jupiter. Astrophys J Lett 200:L167–L169. https://doi.org/10.1086/181923
Bézard B, Lellouch E, Strobel D, Maillard JP, Drossart P (2002) Carbon monoxide on Jupiter: evidence for both internal and external sources. Icarus 159:95–111. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2002.6917
Bhattacharya A, Li C, Atreya S et al. (2023) Highly depleted alkali metals in Jupiter’s deep atmosphere. Astrophys J Lett 952:L27. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace115
Bjoraker GL, Wong MH, de Pater I, Hewagama T, Ádámkovics M, Orton GS (2018) The gas composition and deep cloud structure of Jupiter’s great red spot. Astron J 156(3):101. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aad186
Bjoraker GL, Wong MH, de Pater I, Hewagama T, Ádámkovics M (2022) The spatial variation of water clouds, NH3, and H2O on Jupiter using keck data at 5 microns. Remote Sens 14(18):4567. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184567
Bolton SJ, Adriani A, Adumitroaie V, Allison M, Anderson J, Atreya S, Bloxham J, Brown S, Connerney JEP, DeJong E, Folkner W, Gautier D, Grassi D, Gulkis S, Guillot T, Hansen C, Hubbard WB, Iess L, Ingersoll A, Janssen M, Jorgensen J, Kaspi Y, Levin SM, Li C, Lunine J, Miguel Y, Mura A, Orton G, Owen T, Ravine M, Smith E, Steffes P, Stone E, Stevenson D, Thorne R, Waite J, Durante D, Ebert RW, Greathouse TK, Hue V, Parisi M, Szalay JR, Wilson R (2017) Jupiter’s interior and deep atmosphere: the initial pole-to-pole passes with the Juno spacecraft. Science 356(6340):821–825. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal2108
Borucki WJ, Williams MA (1986) Lightning in the Jovian water cloud. J Geophys Res 91:9893–9903. https://doi.org/10.1029/JD091iD09p09893
Cavalié T, Billebaud F, Dobrijevic M, Fouchet T, Lellouch E, Encrenaz T, Brillet J, Moriarty-Schieven GH, Wouterloot JGA, Hartogh P (2009) First observation of CO at 345 GHz in the atmosphere of Saturn with the JCMT: new constraints on its origin. Icarus 203:531–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.05.024
Cavalié T, Hartogh P, Billebaud F, Dobrijevic M, Fouchet T, Lellouch E, Encrenaz T, Brillet J, Moriarty-Schieven GH (2010) A cometary origin for CO in the stratosphere of Saturn? Astron Astrophys 510:A88
Cavalié T, Feuchtgruber H, Lellouch E, de Val-Borro M, Jarchow C, Moreno R, Hartogh P, Orton G, Greathouse TK, Billebaud F, Dobrijevic M, Lara LM, González A, Sagawa H (2013) Spatial distribution of water in the stratosphere of Jupiter from Herschel HIFI and PACS observations. Astron Astrophys 553:A21. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220797
Cavalié T, Moreno R, Lellouch E, Hartogh P, Venot O, Orton GS, Jarchow C, Encrenaz T, Selsis F, Hersant F, Fletcher LN (2014) The first submillimeter observation of CO in the stratosphere of Uranus. Astron Astrophys 562:A33. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322297
Cavalié T, Venot O, Selsis F, Hersant F, Hartogh P, Leconte J (2017) Thermochemistry and vertical mixing in the tropospheres of Uranus and Neptune. How convection inhibition can affect the derivation of deep oxygen abundances. Icarus 291:1–16
Cavalié T, Venot O, Miguel Y, Fletcher LN, Wurz P, Mousis O, Bounaceur R, Hue V, Leconte J, Dobrijevic M (2020) The deep composition of Uranus and Neptune from in situ exploration and thermochemical modeling. Space Sci Rev 216(4):58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00677-8
Cavalié T, Lunine J, Mousis O (2023) A subsolar oxygen abundance or a radiative region deep in Jupiter revealed by thermochemical modelling. Nat Astron 7:678–683. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-01928-8
Connerney JEP, Acuna MH, Ness NF (1987) The magnetic field of Uranus. J Geophys Res 92(A13):15329–15336. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA13p15329
Connerney JEP, Acuna MH, Ness NF (1991) The magnetic field of Neptune. J Geophys Res 96:19023–19042. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA01165
Connerney JEP, Kotsiaros S, Oliversen RJ, Espley JR, Joergensen JL, Joergensen PS, Merayo JMG, Herceg M, Bloxham J, Moore KM, Bolton SJ, Levin SM (2018) A new model of Jupiter’s magnetic field from Juno’s first nine orbits. Geophys Res Lett 45(6):2590–2596. https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077312
Connerney JEP, Timmins S, Oliversen RJ, Espley JR, Joergensen JL, Kotsiaros S, Joergensen PS, Merayo JMG, Herceg M, Bloxham J, Moore KM, Mura A, Moirano A, Bolton SJ, Levin SM (2022) A new model of Jupiter’s magnetic field at the completion of Juno’s prime mission. J Geophys Res, Planets 127(2):e07055. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE007055
Conrath BJ, Gautier D (2000) Saturn helium abundance: a reanalysis of Voyager measurements. Icarus 144:124–134. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6265
Conrath B, Hanel R, Gautier D, Marten A, Lindal G (1987) The helium abundance of Uranus from Voyager measurements. J Geophys Res 92:15003–15010. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA13p15003
Conrath BJ, Gautier D, Lindal GF, Samuelson RE, Shaffer WA (1991) The helium abundance of Neptune from Voyager measurements. J Geophys Res 96:18907
Courtin R, Pandey-Pommier M, Gautier D, Zarka P, Hofstadter M, Hersant F, Girard J (2015) Metric observations of Saturn with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. In: SF2A-2015: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the French society of astronomy and astrophysics, pp 241–245
de Graauw T, Feuchtgruber H, Bezard B, Drossart P, Encrenaz T, Beintema DA, Griffin M, Heras A, Kessler M, Leech K, Lellouch E, Morris P, Roelfsema PR, Roos-Serote M, Salama A, Vandenbussche B, Valentijn EA, Davis GR, Naylor DA (1997) First results of ISO-SWS observations of Saturn: detection of CO2, CH3C2H, C4H2 and tropospheric H2O. Astron Astrophys 321:L13–L16
de Pater I, Dickel JR (1991) Multifrequency radio observations of Saturn at ring inclination angles between 5 and 26 degrees. Icarus 94(2):474–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(91)90242-L
de Pater I, Richmond M (1989) Neptune’s microwave spectrum from 1 mm to 20 cm. Icarus 80:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(89)90158-9
de Pater I, Romani PN, Atreya SK (1991) Possible microwave absorption by H2S gas in Uranus’ and Neptune’s atmospheres. Icarus 91:220–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(91)90020-T
de Pater I, Molter EM, Moeckel CM (2023) A review of radio observations of the giant planets: probing the composition, structure, and dynamics of their deep atmospheres. Remote Sens 15(5):1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051313
Dougherty MK, Cao H, Khurana KK, Hunt GJ, Provan G, Kellock S, Burton ME, Burk TA, Bunce EJ, Cowley SWH, Kivelson MG, Russell CT, Southwood DJ (2018) Saturn’s magnetic field revealed by the Cassini grand finale. Science 362(6410):aat5434. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat5434
Dunn DE, de Pater I, Wright M, Hogerheijde MR, Molnar LA (2005) High-quality BIMA-OVRO images of Saturn and its rings at 1.3 and 3 millimeters. Astron J 129:1109–1116. https://doi.org/10.1086/424536
Dyudina UA, Ingersoll AP, Vasavada AR, Ewald SP, Galileo SSI Team (2002) Monte Carlo radiative transfer modeling of lightning observed in Galileo images of Jupiter. Icarus 160(2):336–349. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2002.6977
Dyudina UA, Ingersoll AP, Ewald SP, Porco CC, Fischer G, Kurth W, Desch M, Del Genio A, Barbara J, Ferrier J (2007) Lightning storms on Saturn observed by Cassini ISS and RPWS during 2004 2006. Icarus 190(2):545–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.035
Encrenaz T, de Graauw T, Schaeidt S, Lellouch E, Feuchtgruber H, Beintema DA, Bezard B, Drossart P, Griffin M, Heras A, Kessler M, Leech K, Morris P, Roelfsema PR, Roos-Serote M, Salama A, Vandenbussche B, Valentijn EA, Davis GR, Naylor DA (1996) First results of ISO-SWS observations of Jupiter. Astron Astrophys 315:L397–L400
Encrenaz T, Lellouch E, Drossart P, Feuchtgruber H, Orton GS, Atreya SK (2004) First detection of CO in Uranus. Astron Astrophys 413:L5–L9. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20034637
Fegley B, Prinn RG (1988) Chemical constraints on the water and total oxygen abundances in the deep atmosphere of Jupiter. Astrophys J 324:621–625. https://doi.org/10.1086/165922
Feuchtgruber H, Lellouch E, Orton G, de Graauw T, Vandenbussche B, Swinyard B, Moreno R, Jarchow C, Billebaud F, Cavalié T, Sidher S, Hartogh P (2013) The D/H ratio in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune from Herschel-PACS observations. Astron Astrophys 551:A126. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220857
Fletcher LN, Irwin PGJ, Teanby NA, Orton GS, Parrish PD, Calcutt SB, Bowles N, de Kok R, Howett C, Taylor FW (2007) The meridional phosphine distribution in Saturn’s upper troposphere from Cassini/CIRS observations. Icarus 188:72–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.029
Fletcher LN, Orton GS, Teanby NA, Irwin PGJ, Bjoraker GL (2009) Methane and its isotopologues on Saturn from Cassini/CIRS observations. Icarus 199:351–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.09.019
Fletcher LN, Greathouse TK, Orton GS, Irwin PGJ, Mousis O, Sinclair JA, Giles RS (2014) The origin of nitrogen on Jupiter and Saturn from the 15N/14N ratio. Icarus 238:170
Fletcher LN, Orton GS, Rogers JH, Giles RS, Payne AV, Irwin PGJ, Vedovato M (2017) Moist convection and the 2010-2011 revival of Jupiter’s south equatorial belt. Icarus 286:94
Folkner WM, Iess L, Anderson JD, Asmar SW, Buccino DR, Durante D, Feldman M, Gomez Casajus L, Gregnanin M, Milani A, Parisi M, Park RS, Serra D, Tommei G, Tortora P, Zannoni M, Bolton SJ, Connerney JEP, Levin SM (2017) Jupiter gravity field estimated from the first two Juno orbits. Geophys Res Lett 44(10):4694–4700. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073140
Fouchet T, Lellouch E, Cavalié T, Bézard B (2017) First determination of the tropospheric CO abundance in Saturn. In: AAS/division for planetary sciences meeting abstracts, vol 49, p 209.05
Friedson AJ, Gonzales EJ (2017) Inhibition of ordinary and diffusive convection in the water condensation zone of the ice giants and implications for their thermal evolution. Icarus 297:160–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.06.029
Gautier D, Hersant F (2005) Formation and composition of planetesimals. Space Sci Rev 116:25–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-1946-2
Gautier D, Conrath B, Flasar M, Hanel R, Kunde V, Chedin A, Scott N (1981) The helium abundance of Jupiter from Voyager. J Geophys Res 86(A10):8713–8720. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA086iA10p08713
Gautier D, Hersant F, Mousis O, Lunine JI (2001) Enrichments in volatiles in Jupiter: a new interpretation of the Galileo measurements. Astrophys J Lett 550:L227–L230. https://doi.org/10.1086/319648
Guillot T (1995) Condensation of methane, ammonia, and water and the inhibition of convection in giant planets. Science 269:1697–1699. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7569896
Guillot T (2005) The iinteriors of giant planets: models and outstanding questions. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 33:493–530. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120325. arXiv:astro-ph/0502068
Guillot T, Hueso R (2006) The composition of Jupiter: sign of a (relatively) late formation in a chemically evolved protosolar disc. Mon Not R Astron Soc 367(1):L47–L51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00137.x. arXiv:astro-ph/0601043
Guillot T, Gautier D, Chabrier G, Mosser B (1994) Are the giant planets fully convective? Icarus 112(2):337–353. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1188
Guillot T, Fletcher LN, Helled R, Ikoma M, Line MR, Parmentier V (2022) Giant Planets from the Inside-Out. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2205.04100. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.04100
Hanel R, Conrath B, Herath L, Kunde V, Pirraglia J (1981) Albedo, internal heat, and energy balance of Jupiter – preliminary results of the Voyager infrared investigation. J Geophys Res 86:8705–8712. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA086iA10p08705
Hanel RA, Conrath BJ, Kunde VG, Pearl JC, Pirraglia JA (1983) Albedo, internal heat flux, and energy balance of Saturn. Icarus 53:262–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(83)90147-1
Helled R, Fortney JJ (2020) The interiors of Uranus and Neptune: current understanding and open questions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 378(2187):20190474. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0474
Helled R, Lunine J (2014) Measuring Jupiter’s water abundance by Juno: the link between interior and formation models. Mon Not R Astron Soc 441:2273–2279. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu516
Helled R, Anderson JD, Podolak M, Schubert G (2011) Interior models of Uranus and Neptune. Astrophys J 726:15. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/726/1/15
Helled R, Nettelmann N, Guillot T (2020) Uranus and Neptune: origin, evolution and internal structure. Space Sci Rev 216(3):38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00660-3
Hersant F, Gautier D, Lunine JI (2004) Enrichment in volatiles in the giant planets of the solar system. Planet Space Sci 52:623–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2003.12.011
Hesman BE, Davis GR, Matthews HE, Orton GS (2007) The abundance profile of CO in Neptune’s atmosphere. Icarus 186(2):342–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.025
Hueso R, Sánchez-Lavega A (2004) A three-dimensional model of moist convection for the giant planets II: Saturn’s water and ammonia moist convective storms. Icarus 172(1):255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.010
Hueso R, Sánchez-Lavega A, Guillot T (2002) A model for large-scale convective storms in Jupiter. J Geophys Res, Planets 107(E10):5075. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JE001839
Hueso R, Guillot T, Sánchez-Lavega A (2020) Convective storms and atmospheric vertical structure in Uranus and Neptune. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 378(2187):20190476. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0476
Hunt GE, Muller JP, Gee P (1982) Convective growth rates of equatorial features in the Jovian atmosphere. Nature 295(5849):491–494. https://doi.org/10.1038/295491a0
Iess L, Militzer B, Kaspi Y, Nicholson P, Durante D, Racioppa P, Anabtawi A, Galanti E, Hubbard W, Mariani MJ, Tortora P, Wahl S, Zannoni M (2019) Measurement and implications of Saturn’s gravity field and ring mass. Science 364(6445):aat2965. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat2965
Ingersoll AP, Dowling TE, Gierasch PJ, Orton GS, Read PL, Sánchez-Lavega A, Showman AP, Simon-Miller AA, Vasavada AR (2004) Dynamics of Jupiter’s atmosphere. In: Bagenal F, Dowling TE, McKinnon WB (eds) Jupiter: the planet, satellites and magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press, pp 105–128
Iñurrigarro P, Hueso R, Sánchez-Lavega A, Legarreta J (2022) Convective storms in closed cyclones in Jupiter: (II) numerical modeling. Icarus 386:115169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115169
Irwin PGJ, Toledo D, Garland R, Teanby NA, Fletcher LN, Orton GA, Bézard B (2018) Detection of hydrogen sulfide above the clouds in Uranus’s atmosphere. Nat Astron 2:420–427. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0432-1
Irwin PGJ, Toledo D, Braude AS, Bacon R, Weilbacher PM, Teanby NA, Fletcher LN, Orton GS (2019a) Latitudinal variation in the abundance of methane (CH4) above the clouds in Neptune’s atmosphere from VLT/MUSE narrow field mode observations. Icarus 331:69
Irwin PGJ, Toledo D, Garland R, Teanby NA, Fletcher LN, Orton GS, Bézard B (2019b) Probable detection of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in Neptune’s atmosphere. Icarus 321:550–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.014
Irwin PGJ, Dobinson J, James A, Toledo D, Teanby NA, Fletcher LN, Orton GS, Pérez-Hoyos S (2021) Latitudinal variation of methane mole fraction above clouds in Neptune’s atmosphere from VLT/MUSE-NFM: limb-darkening reanalysis. Icarus 357:114277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114277
Irwin PGJ, Teanby NA, Fletcher LN, Toledo D, Orton GS, Wong MH, Roman MT, Pérez-Hoyos S, James A, Dobinson J (2022) Hazy blue worlds: a holistic aerosol model for Uranus and Neptune, including dark spots. J Geophys Res, Planets 127(6):e07189. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007189
Karkoschka E, Tomasko M (2009) The haze and methane distributions on Uranus from HST-STIS spectroscopy. Icarus 202:287–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.010
Karkoschka E, Tomasko MG (2011) The haze and methane distributions on Neptune from HST-STIS spectroscopy. Icarus 211:780–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.08.013
Koskinen TT, Guerlet S (2018) Atmospheric structure and helium abundance on Saturn from Cassini/UVIS and CIRS observations. Icarus 307:161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.02.020
Kunde V, Hanel R, Maguire W, Gautier D, Baluteau JP, Marten A, Chedin A, Husson N, Scott N (1982) The tropospheric gas composition of Jupiter’s North equatorial belt /NH3, PH3, CH3D, GeH4, H2O/ and the Jovian D/H isotopic ratio. Astrophys J 263:443–467. https://doi.org/10.1086/160516
Larson HP, Fink U, Treffers R, Gautier TN III (1975) Detection of water vapor on Jupiter. Astrophys J 197:L137–L140
Leconte J, Selsis F, Hersant F, Guillot T (2017) Condensation-inhibited convection in hydrogen-rich atmospheres. Stability against double-diffusive processes and thermal profiles for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Astron Astrophys 598:A98. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629140
Lellouch E, Paubert G, Moreno R, Festou MC, Bezard B, Bockelee-Morvan D, Colom P, Crovisier J, Encrenaz T, Gautier D, Marten A, Despois D, Strobel DF, Sievers A (1995) Chemical and thermal response of Jupiter’s atmosphere following the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy-9. Nature 373:592–595. https://doi.org/10.1038/373592a0
Lellouch E, Bézard B, Fouchet T, Feuchtgruber H, Encrenaz T, de Graauw T (2001) The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations. Astron Astrophys 370:610–622. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20010259
Lellouch E, Bézard B, Moses JI, Davis GR, Drossart P, Feuchtgruber H, Bergin EA, Moreno R, Encrenaz T (2002) The origin of water vapor and carbon dioxide in Jupiter’s stratosphere. Icarus 159:112–131. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2002.6929
Lellouch E, Moreno R, Paubert G (2005) A dual origin for Neptune’s carbon monoxide? Astron Astrophys 430:L37–L40. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200400127
Li C, Ingersoll AP (2015) Moist convection in hydrogen atmospheres and the frequency of Saturn’s giant storms. Nat Geosci 8(5):398–403. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2405
Li L, Ingersoll AP, Vasavada AR, Simon-Miller AA, Del Genio AD, Ewald SP, Porco CC, West RA (2006) Vertical wind shear on Jupiter from Cassini images. J Geophys Res, Planets 111(E4):E04004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002556
Li C, Ingersoll A, Janssen M, Levin S, Bolton S, Adumitroaie V, Allison M, Arballo J, Bellotti A, Brown S, Ewald S, Jewell L, Misra S, Orton G, Oyafuso F, Steffes P, Williamson R (2017) The distribution of ammonia on Jupiter from a preliminary inversion of Juno microwave radiometer data. Geophys Res Lett 44(11):5317–5325. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073159
Li C, Ingersoll A, Bolton S, Levin S, Janssen M, Atreya S, Lunine J, Steffes P, Brown S, Guillot T, Allison M, Arballo J, Bellotti A, Adumitroaie V, Gulkis S, Hodges A, Li L, Misra S, Orton G, Oyafuso F, Santos-Costa D, Waite H, Zhang Z (2020) The water abundance in Jupiter’s equatorial zone. Nat Astron 4:609–616. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1009-3
Li C, Allison MD, Atreya SK, Fletcher LN, Galanti E, Guillot T, Ingersoll AP, Kaspi Y, Li L, Lunine JI, Orton G, Oyafuso FA, Steffes PG, Wong MH, Zhang Z, Levin S, Bolton SJ (2022) Jupiter’s tropospheric temperature and composition. In: AGU fall meeting abstracts, vol 2022, pp P32C–1854
Li C, Allison M, Atreya S, Fletcher L, Ingersoll A, Li L, Orton G, Oyafuso F, Steffes P, Wong M, Zhang Z, Levin S, Bolton S (2023) A new value of Jupiter’s deep isentrope – implications for Jupiter’s deep thermal and compositional structure. In: EGU general assembly conference abstracts, EGU general assembly conference abstracts, pp EGU–10747. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10747
Li C, de Pater I, Moeckel C, Sault RJ, Butler B, deBoer D, Zhang Z (2023) Long-lasting, deep effect of Saturn’s giant storms. Sci Adv 9(32):eadg9419. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg9419
Little B, Anger CD, Ingersoll AP, Vasavada AR, Senske DA, Breneman HH, Borucki WJ, Galileo SSI Team (1999) Galileo images of lightning on Jupiter. Icarus 142(2):306–323. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6195
Lodders K (2004) Jupiter formed with more tar than ice. Astrophys J 611:587–597. https://doi.org/10.1086/421970
Lodders K (2021) Relative atomic solar system abundances, mass fractions, and atomic masses of the elements and their isotopes, composition of the solar photosphere, and compositions of the major chondritic meteorite groups. Space Sci Rev 217(3):44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00825-8
Lodders K, Fegley B Jr (1994) The origin of carbon monoxide in Neptunes’s atmosphere. Icarus 112:368–375. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1190
Lunine JI (1993) The atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 31:217–263. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.001245
Lunine JI, Stevenson DJ (1985) Thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate at low and high pressures with application to the outer solar system. Astrophys J Suppl 58:493–531. https://doi.org/10.1086/191050
Luszcz-Cook SH, de Pater I (2013) Constraining the origins of Neptune’s carbon monoxide abundance with CARMA millimeter-wave observations. Icarus 222(1):379–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.002
Mahaffy PR, Niemann HB, Alpert A, Atreya SK, Demick J, Donahue TM, Harpold DN, Owen TC (2000) Noble gas abundance and isotope ratios in the atmosphere of Jupiter from the Galileo probe mass spectrometer. J Geophys Res 105:15061–15072. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001224
Marten A, Gautier D, Owen T, Sanders DB, Matthews HE, Atreya SK, Tilanus RPJ, Deane JR (1993) First observations of CO and HCN on Neptune and Uranus at millimeter wavelengths and the implications for atmospheric chemistry. Astrophys J 406:285–297. https://doi.org/10.1086/172440
Molter EM, de Pater I, Luszcz-Cook S, Tollefson J, Sault RJ, Butler B, de Boer D (2021) Tropospheric composition and circulation of Uranus with ALMA and the VLA. Planet Sci J 2(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abc48a
Monga N, Desch S (2015) External photoevaporation of the solar nebula: Jupiter’s noble gas enrichments. Astrophys J 798(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/798/1/9
Moses JI (2014) Chemical kinetics on extrasolar planets. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 372:20130073–20130073. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0073
Moses JI, Poppe AR (2017) Dust ablation on the giant planets: consequences for stratospheric photochemistry. Icarus 297:33
Mousis O, Lunine JI, Madhusudhan N, Johnson TV (2012) Nebular water depletion as the cause of Jupiter’s low oxygen abundance. Astrophys J Lett 751:L7. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/751/1/L7
Mousis O, Fletcher LN, Lebreton JP, Wurz P, Cavalié T, Coustenis A, Courtin R, Gautier D, Helled R, Irwin PGJ, Morse AD, Nettelmann N, Marty B, Rousselot P, Venot O, Atkinson DH, Waite JH, Reh KR, Simon AA, Atreya S, André N, Blanc M, Daglis IA, Fischer G, Geppert WD, Guillot T, Hedman MM, Hueso R, Lellouch E, Lunine JI, Murray CD, O‘Donoghue J, Rengel M, Sánchez-Lavega A, Schmider FX, Spiga A, Spilker T, Petit JM, Tiscareno MS, Ali-Dib M, Altwegg K, Bolton SJ, Bouquet A, Briois C, Fouchet T, Guerlet S, Kostiuk T, Lebleu D, Moreno R, Orton GS, Poncy J (2014) Scientific rationale for Saturn’s in situ exploration. Planet Space Sci 104:29–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.09.014
Mousis O, Atkinson DH, Cavalié T, Fletcher LN, Amato MJ, Aslam S, Ferri F, Renard JB, Spilker T, Venkatapathy E, Wurz P, Aplin K, Coustenis A, Deleuil M, Dobrijevic M, Fouchet T, Guillot T, Hartogh P, Hewagama T, Hofstadter MD, Hue V, Hueso R, Lebreton JP, Lellouch E, Moses J, Orton GS, Pearl JC, Sánchez-Lavega A, Simon A, Venot O, Waite JH, Achterberg RK, Atreya S, Billebaud F, Blanc M, Borget F, Brugger B, Charnoz S, Chiavassa T, Cottini V, d’Hendecourt L, Danger G, Encrenaz T, Gorius NJP, Jorda L, Marty B, Moreno R, Morse A, Nixon C, Reh K, Ronnet T, Schmider FX, Sheridan S, Sotin C, Vernazza P, Villanueva GL (2018) Scientific rationale for Uranus and Neptune in situ explorations. Planet Space Sci 155:12–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2017.10.005
Mousis O, Ronnet T, Lunine JI (2019) Jupiter’s formation in the vicinity of the amorphous ice snowline. Astrophys J 875(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0a72
Mousis O, Aguichine A, Helled R, Irwin PGJ, Lunine JI (2020) The role of ice lines in the formation of Uranus and Neptune. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 378(2187):20200107. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0107
Mousis O, Aguichine A, Bouquet A, Lunine JI, Danger G, Mandt KE, Luspay-Kuti A (2021a) Cold traps of hypervolatiles in the protosolar nebula at the origin of the peculiar composition of comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS). Planet Sci J 2(2):72. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abeaa7
Mousis O, Lunine JI, Aguichine A (2021b) The nature and composition of Jupiter’s building blocks derived from the water abundance measurements by the Juno spacecraft. Astrophys J Lett 918(2):L23. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac1d50
Mousis O, Cavalié T, Lunine JI, Mandt KE, Hueso R, Aguichine A, Schneeberger A, Benest Couzinou T, Atkinson DH, Hue V, Hofstadter M, Srisuchinwong U (2024) Recipes for forming a carbon–rich giant planet. Space Sci Rev 220
Movshovitz N, Fortney JJ (2022) The promise and limitations of precision gravity: application to the interior structure of Uranus and Neptune. Planet Sci J 3(4):88. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac60ff
Ness NF, Acuna MH, Burlaga LF, Connerney JEP, Lepping RP, Neubauer FM (1989) Magnetic fields at Neptune. Science 246(4936):1473–1478. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.246.4936.1473
Nettelmann N, Helled R, Fortney JJ, Redmer R (2013) New indication for a dichotomy in the interior structure of Uranus and Neptune from the application of modified shape and rotation data. Planet Space Sci 77:143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.06.019
Nettelmann N, Wang K, Fortney JJ, Hamel S, Yellamilli S, Bethkenhagen M, Redmer R (2016) Uranus evolution models with simple thermal boundary layers. Icarus 275:107
Niemann HB, Atreya SK, Carignan GR, Donahue TM, Haberman JA, Harpold DN, Hartle RE, Hunten DM, Kasprzak WT, Mahaffy PR, Owen TC, Way SH (1998) The composition of the Jovian atmosphere as determined by the Galileo probe mass spectrometer. J Geophys Res 103:22831–22846. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE01050
Nixon CA, Irwin PGJ, Calcutt SB, Taylor FW, Carlson RW (2001) Atmospheric composition and cloud structure in Jovian 5- μm hotspots from analysis of Galileo NIMS measurements. Icarus 150(1):48–68. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6561
Noll KS, Larson HP (1991) The spectrum of Saturn from 1990 to 2230 cm −1: abundances of AsH 3, CH 3D, CO, GeH 4, NH 3, and PH 3. Icarus 89(1):168–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(91)90096-C
Noll KS, Knacke RF, Geballe TR, Tokunaga AT (1986) Detection of carbon monoxide in Saturn. Astrophys J Lett 309:L91–L94. https://doi.org/10.1086/184768
Orton GS, Fisher BM, Baines KH, Stewart ST, Friedson AJ, Ortiz JL, Marinova M, Ressler M, Dayal A, Hoffmann W, Hora J, Hinkley S, Krishnan V, Masanovic M, Tesic J, Tziolas A, Parija KC (1998) Characteristics of the Galileo probe entry site from Earth-based remote sensing observations. J Geophys Res 103(E10):22791–22814. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02380
Owen T, Mahaffy P, Niemann HB, Atreya S, Donahue T, Bar-Nun A, de Pater I (1999) A low-temperature origin for the planetesimals that formed Jupiter. Nature 402:269–270. https://doi.org/10.1038/46232
Pacetti E, Turrini D, Schisano E, Molinari S, Fonte S, Politi R, Hennebelle P, Klessen R, Testi L, Lebreuilly U (2022) Chemical diversity in protoplanetary disks and its impact on the formation history of giant planets. Astrophys J 937(1):36. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b11
Palotai C, Brueshaber S, Sankar R, Sayanagi K (2022) Moist convection in the giant planet atmospheres. Remote Sens 15(1):219. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010219
Pearl JC, Conrath BJ (1991) The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Neptune, as determined from Voyager data. J Geophys Res 96:18921
Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Hanel RA, Pirraglia JA (1990) The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Uranus, as determined from Voyager IRIS data. Icarus 84:12–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(90)90155-3
Pekmezci GS, Johnson TV, Lunine JI, Mousis O (2019) A statistical approach to planetesimal condensate composition beyond the snowline based on the carbon-to-oxygen ratio. Astrophys J 887(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c4a
Prinn RG, Barshay SS (1977) Carbon monoxide on Jupiter and implications for atmospheric convection. Science 198:1031–1034. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.198.4321.1031
Roos-Serote M, Vasavada AR, Kamp L, Drossart P, Irwin P, Nixon C, Carlson RW (2000) Proximate humid and dry regions in Jupiter’s atmosphere indicate complex local meteorology. Nature 405(6783):158–160. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012023
Rosenqvist J, Lellouch E, Romani PN, Paubert G, Encrenaz T (1992) Millimeter-wave observations of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune – CO and HCN on Neptune. Astrophys J Lett 392:L99–L102. https://doi.org/10.1086/186435
Sánchez-Lavega A, Orton GS, Hueso R, García-Melendo E, Pérez-Hoyos S, Simon-Miller A, Rojas JF, Gómez JM, Yanamandra-Fisher P, Fletcher L, Joels J, Kemerer J, Hora J, Karkoschka E, de Pater I, Wong MH, Marcus PS, Pinilla-Alonso N, Carvalho F, Go C, Parker D, Salway M, Valimberti M, Wesley A, Pujic Z (2008) Depth of a strong Jovian jet from a planetary-scale disturbance driven by storms. Nature 451(7177):437–440. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06533
Sánchez-Lavega A, del Río-Gaztelurrutia T, Hueso R, Gómez-Forrellad JM, Sanz-Requena JF, Legarreta J, García-Melendo E, Colas F, Lecacheux J, Fletcher LN, Barrado y Navascués D, Parker D, International Outer Planet Watch Team, Akutsu T, Barry T, Beltran J, Buda S, Combs B, Carvalho F, Casquinha P, Delcroix M, Ghomizadeh S, Go C, Hotershall J, Ikemura T, Jolly G, Kazemoto A, Kumamori T, Lecompte M, Maxson P, Melillo FJ, Milika DP, Morales E, Peach D, Phillips J, Poupeau JJ, Sussenbach J, Walker G, Walker S, Tranter T, Wesley A, Wilson T, Yunoki K (2011) Deep winds beneath Saturn’s upper clouds from a seasonal long-lived planetary-scale storm. Nature 475:71–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10203
Sánchez-Lavega A, García-Melendo E, Legarreta J, Hueso R, del Río-Gaztelurrutia T, Sanz-Requena JF, Pérez-Hoyos S, Simon AA, Wong MH, Soria M, Gómez-Forrellad JM, Barry T, Delcroix M, Sayanagi KM, Blalock JJ, Gunnarson JL, Dyudina U, Ewald S (2020) A complex storm system in Saturn’s North polar atmosphere in 2018. Nat Astron 4:180–187. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0914-9
Schneeberger A, Mousis O, Aguichine A, Lunine JI (2023) Evolution of the reservoirs of volatiles in the protosolar nebula. Astron Astrophys 670:A28. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202244670
Schneider AD, Bitsch B (2021) How drifting and evaporating pebbles shape giant planets. II. Volatiles and refractories in atmospheres. Astron Astrophys 654:A72. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141096
Showman AP, Dowling TE (2000) Nonlinear simulations of Jupiter’s 5-micron hot spots. Science 289(5485):1737–1740. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1737
Sromovsky LA, Fry PM (2008) The methane abundance and structure of Uranus’ cloud bands inferred from spatially resolved 2006 Keck grism spectra. Icarus 193:252–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.037
Sromovsky LA, Collard AD, Fry PM, Orton GS, Lemmon MT, Tomasko MG, Freedman RS (1998) Galileo probe measurements of thermal and solar radiation fluxes in the Jovian atmosphere. J Geophys Res 103(E10):22929–22978. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE01048
Sromovsky LA, Fry PM, Kim JH (2011) Methane on Uranus: the case for a compact CH 4 cloud layer at low latitudes and a severe CH 4 depletion at high-latitudes based on re-analysis of Voyager occultation measurements and STIS spectroscopy. Icarus 215:292
Sromovsky LA, Baines KH, Fry PM (2013) Saturn’s great storm of 2010-2011: evidence for ammonia and water ices from analysis of VIMS spectra. Icarus 226(1):402–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.043
Sromovsky LA, Karkoschka E, Fry PM, Hammel HB, de Pater I, Rages K (2014) Methane depletion in both polar regions of Uranus inferred from HST/STIS and Keck/NIRC2 observations. Icarus 238:137–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.016
Stoker CR (1986) Moist convection: a mechanism for producing the vertical structure of the Jovian equatorial plumes. Icarus 67(1):106–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(86)90179-X
Sugiyama K, Nakajima K, Odaka M, Kuramoto K, Hayashi YY (2014) Numerical simulations of Jupiter’s moist convection layer: structure and dynamics in statistically steady states. Icarus 229:71–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.10.016
Teanby NA, Irwin PGJ (2013) An external origin for carbon monoxide on Uranus from Herschel/spire? Astrophys J Lett 775(2):L49
Teanby NA, Irwin PGJ, Moses JI (2019) Neptune’s carbon monoxide profile and phosphine upper limits from Herschel/SPIRE: implications for interior structure and formation. Icarus 319:86–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.09.014
Teanby NA, Irwin PGJ, Moses JI, Helled R (2020) Neptune and Uranus: ice or rock giants? Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 378(2187):20190489. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0489
Throop HB, Bally J (2008) Tail-end bondi-hoyle accretion in young star clusters: implications for disks, planets, and stars. Astron J 135(6):2380–2397. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/135/6/2380
Throop HB, Bally J (2010) Accretion of Jupiter’s atmosphere from a supernova-contaminated molecular cloud. Icarus 208(1):329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.02.005
Tollefson J, de Pater I, Molter EM, Sault RJ, Butler BJ, Luszcz-Cook S, DeBoer D (2021) Neptune’s spatial brightness temperature variations from the VLA and ALMA. Planet Sci J 2(3):105. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abf837
Vasavada AR, Showman AP (2005) Jovian atmospheric dynamics: an update after Galileo and Cassini. Rep Prog Phys 68(8):1935–1996. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/68/8/R06
Venot O, Hébrard E, Agúndez M, Dobrijevic M, Selsis F, Hersant F, Iro N, Bounaceur R (2012) A chemical model for the atmosphere of hot Jupiters. Astron Astrophys 546:A43. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219310
Venot O, Cavalié T, Bounaceur R, Tremblin P, Brouillard L, Lhoussaine Ben Brahim R (2020) New chemical scheme for giant planet thermochemistry. Update of the methanol chemistry and new reduced chemical scheme. Astron Astrophys 634:A78. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936697
Visscher C, Fegley B Jr (2005) Chemical constraints on the water and total oxygen abundances in the deep atmosphere of Saturn. Astrophys J 623:1221–1227. https://doi.org/10.1086/428493. arXiv:astro-ph/0501128
Visscher C, Moses JI (2011) Quenching of carbon monoxide and methane in the atmospheres of cool brown dwarfs and hot jupiters. Astrophys J 738:72. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/738/1/72
Visscher C, Moses JI, Saslow SA (2010) The deep water abundance on Jupiter: new constraints from thermochemical kinetics and diffusion modeling. Icarus 209:602
von Zahn U, Hunten DM (1992) The Jupiter helium interferometer experiment on the Galileo entry probe. Space Sci Rev 60(1–4):263–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00216857
von Zahn U, Hunten DM, Lehmacher G (1998) Helium in Jupiter’s atmosphere: results from the Galileo probe helium interferometer experiment. J Geophys Res 103:22815–22830. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE00695
Wang D, Gierasch PJ, Lunine JI, Mousis O (2015) New insights on Jupiter’s deep water abundance from disequilibrium species. Icarus 250:154
Wang D, Lunine JI, Mousis O (2016) Modeling the disequilibrium species for Jupiter and Saturn: implications for Juno and Saturn entry probe. Icarus 276:21
Wong MH, Mahaffy PR, Atreya SK, Niemann HB, Owen TC (2004) Updated Galileo probe mass spectrometer measurements of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur on Jupiter. Icarus 171:153–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.010
Wong MH, Lunine JI, Atreya SK, Johnson T, Mahaffy PR, Owen TC, Encrenaz T (2008) Oxygen and other volatiles in the giant planets and their satellites. Rev Mineral Geochem 68(1):219–246. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2008.68.10
Wong MH, Simon AA, Tollefson JW, de Pater I, Barnett MN, Hsu AI, Stephens AW, Orton GS, Fleming SW, Goullaud C, Januszewski W, Roman A, Bjoraker GL, Atreya SK, Adriani A, Fletcher LN (2020) High-resolution UV/Optical/IR Imaging of Jupiter in 2016-2019. Astrophys J Suppl 247(2):58. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab775f
Wong MH, Bjoraker GL, Goullaud C, Stephens AW, Luszcz-Cook SH (2023) Deep clouds on Jupiter. Remote Sens 15(3):702. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030702
Wong MH, Markham S, Rowe-Gurney N, Sayanagi K, Hueso R (2024) Multiple probe measurements at Uranus motivated by spatial variability. Space Sci Rev 220
Yair Y, Levin Z, Tzivion S (1998) Model interpretation of Jovian lightning activity and the Galileo probe results. J Geophys Res 103(D12):14157–14166. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD00310
Yung YL, Drew WA, Pinto JP, Friedl RR (1988) Estimation of the reaction rate for the formation of CH3O from H + H2CO: implications for chemistry in the solar system. Icarus 73:516–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(88)90061-9
Funding
T. Cavalié and O. Mousis acknowledge support from CNES and the Programme National de Planétologie (PNP) of CNRS/INSU. J. Lunine was supported by the Juno mission through a subcontract from the Southwest Research Institute. R. Hueso was suppported by Grant PID2019-109467GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and by Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1742-22. The project leading to this publication has received funding from the Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille Université–A*Midex, a French “Investissements d’Avenir program” AMX-21-IET-018. This research holds as part of the project FACOM (ANR-22-CE49-0005-01_ACT) and has benefited from a funding provided by l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) under the Generic Call for Proposals 2022.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Cavalié, T., Lunine, J., Mousis, O. et al. The Deep Oxygen Abundance in Solar System Giant Planets, with a New Derivation for Saturn. Space Sci Rev 220, 8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01045-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01045-6