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Concepts of the Small Body Sample Return Missions - the 1st 10 Million Year Evolution of the Solar System

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Abstract

Each type of asteroids and comets are important, serving as the unique puzzle pieces of the solar system. The countless number of small bodies spread vastly from the near-Earth orbits to the main belt and beyond Jupiter. Thus, in order to complete the whole puzzle, and hence requires a well-designed roadmap of sample return (SR) missions and international coordination. The main consideration is the accreting locations of various types of asteroids, which may be referred through their redox status and abundances of water and volatile components. C-complex asteroids are water and volatile-rich, likely accreted in the outer solar system. Two C-complex asteroids are being explored by Hayabusa-2 and OSIRIS-REx missions, respectively. In contrast, enstatite chondrite-like asteroids formed under extremely reducing conditions in the inner solar system. The samples returned from enstatite chondrite-like asteroids will clarify the nebular processes in the zone closest to the Sun, and reveal fractionation of the solar nebula along the radial direction, via comparing with those of the C-complex asteroids. The exploration will also shed light on the bulk compositions of the Earth and terrestrial planets accreted in the same region of the inner solar system.

The SR missions will focus on the first 10 Ma history of the solar system, including the initial condition, the nebular processes, and the accretion of planetesimals. Because the secondary processes that took place in planetesimals, such as thermal metamorphism, aqueous alteration, melting and differentiation, could largely erase the records of the nebular events, it is critically important to choose the primordial asteroid targets. Although C-complex asteroids accreted at low temperature in the outer solar nebula, they, especially those hydrated, could have suffered severe aqueous alteration as observed in CM chondrites. Other preferred targets are L-type asteroids, which probably contain abundant Ca-, Al-rich inclusions, the first solid assemblages of the solar system. Based on the roadmap of SR missions, we propose to return samples first from enstatite chondrite-like or L-type Near-Earth asteroids.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions, which significantly improved the manuscript. This study was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program on Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA15020300), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41673069).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yangting Lin, Sen Hu & Wei Yang

  2. Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Yonghe Zhang

  3. National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yuchen Xu & Mingtao Li

  4. Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China

    Weijia Zhou

  5. Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China

    Shijie Li

  6. Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yang Gao

  7. University of California, Davis, USA

    Qingzhu Yin

  8. University of California, Santa Cruz, USA

    Douglas Lin

  9. Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Douglas Lin

  10. Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Wing Ip

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Role of Sample Return in Addressing Major Questions in Planetary Sciences

Edited by Mahesh Anand, Sara Russell, Yangting Lin, Meenakshi Wadhwa, Kuljeet Kaur Marhas and Shogo Tachibana

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Lin, Y., Zhang, Y., Hu, S. et al. Concepts of the Small Body Sample Return Missions - the 1st 10 Million Year Evolution of the Solar System. Space Sci Rev 216, 45 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00670-1

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