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Laboratory Studies Towards Understanding Comets

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Abstract

This review presents some of the recent advancements in our understanding of comets facilitated by laboratory studies, need for new laboratory simulations, and predictions for future explorations. With the spacecraft Rosetta at the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, a large volume of science data is expected to follow early results that have been published recently. The most surprising of them being hard ice shell that bounced the lander Philae a couple of times before settling on the comet. Long evaded molecular nitrogen has now been detected in the comet 67P/CG. The observed density of \(470~\mbox{kg}\,\mbox{m}^{- 3}\) is in line with other comet observations, whereas the nature and composition of hydrocarbons detected on the surface are still a puzzle. Observation of D/H ratio that deviates significantly from Earth’s water D/H ratio brings back to the table the long-standing question whether or not water on Earth was delivered by comet impacts. Our review summarizes some of the critical laboratory work that helps improve our understanding of cometary interior (whether amorphous or crystalline or containing clathrates), cometary surface (rich of complex organics), cometary coma and tail (D/H ratio, negative ions, and photoluminescence). Outstanding questions are also discussed.

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Acknowledgements

Murthy Gudipati thanks partial funding from the following NASA programs: Planetary Atmospheres, Cassini Data Analysis Programs, Spitzer Science Center, and Astrobiology Institute Node Early Habitable Environments (NASA Ames). JPL’s DRDF and R&TD funding for infrastructure of the “ice spectroscopy laboratory” is also gratefully acknowledged. This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Olivier Mousis thanks the support of the \(\mbox{A}*\)MIDEX project (no. ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02) funded by the “Investissements d’Avenir” French Government program, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR). Grégoire Danger and collaborators thank funding by the French national programs “Physique Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire” (P.C.M.I, INSU), “Programme National de Planétologie” (P.N.P, INSU), “Environnements Planetaires et Origines de la Vie” (E.P.O.V, CNRS) and the “Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales” (C.N.E.S) from its exobiology program as well as the ANR project VAHIIA (Grant ANR-12-JS08-0001-01) of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche. Ulysse Marboeuf thanks funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation. The work of Steven B. Charnley and Martin A. Cordiner was supported by NASA’s Planetary Atmospheres Program and the Goddard Center for Astrobiology.

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Author notes

  1. Rui Yang

    Present address: Chemistry Department, Fudan University, 20 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Science Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

    Murthy S. Gudipati

  2. IPST, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Murthy S. Gudipati

  3. Aix-Marseille Université, PIIM UMR-CNRS 7345, 13397, Marseille, France

    Ninette Abou Mrad, Thierry Chiavassa, Grégoire Danger, Fabrice Duvernay & Patrice Theulé

  4. Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany

    Jürgen Blum & Bastian Gundlach

  5. Astrochemistry Laboratory, Code 691, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA

    Steven B. Charnley & Martin A. Cordiner

  6. Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France

    Olivier Mousis

  7. Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Paul Hartogh

  8. Physics Institute and Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland

    Ulysse Marboeuf

  9. Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Investigation in Cosmochemistry and Astronomy at the School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University, Cholokashvili str., 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia

    Irakli Simonia & Tsitsino Simonia

  10. Former Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Rui Yang

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  1. Murthy S. Gudipati
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Correspondence to Murthy S. Gudipati.

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Gudipati, M.S., Abou Mrad, N., Blum, J. et al. Laboratory Studies Towards Understanding Comets. Space Sci Rev 197, 101–150 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0192-5

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