Abstract
This article deals with the question of the interrelation between two papers, both called, in short, “Onomatodoxy”, dedicated to the doctrine of Name-glorification (Imiaslavie, Onomatodoxy), both of which were created in line with the Neo-Patristic movement in the Russian philosophy of the Silver Age. One of these papers is by Alexei Losev and the other by Pavel Florensky. In my opinion, there are sufficient grounds to state that Losev’s “Onomatodoxy” was written either after Florensky created his own “Onomatodoxy”, i.e., after November 1922, or, at the earliest, after Florensky started to give clandestine lectures about Onomatodoxy in Moscow (where Losev lived), i.e., not earlier than spring 1921. Therefore, Losev’s article “Onomatodoxy” could have been intended for the religious-philosophical collection of articles planned for publishing by Yaschenko in 1922 in Berlin.
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The question of dating “Onomatodoxy” by Alexei Losev
The archives of Alexei Losev (1893–1988) preserve the article “Die Onomatodoxie (russisch “Imiaslavie”)” (hereafter “Onomatodoxy”), dedicated to the doctrine of Name-glorification (Imiaslavie, Onomatodoxy) and the Name-glorifying controversy, which was in line with the so-called Neo-Patristic movement of that time. The text of this article has been preserved in Losev’s archive in German.Footnote 1 In the contemporary editions of the article, it is published in the back translation from German by Andrei Vashestov and edited by Lyudmila Gogotishvili and Aza Takho-Godi (Takho-Godi 2014, p. 61; Losev 2015, p. 1046).
The publishers of Losev’s “Onomatodoxy”, Aza and Elena Takho-Godi, suppose that this article was written soon after 1917 but before 1919 (Losev 2015, pp. 36–37) for the collection of articles “Russland” published in Zürich in German, edited by Vera Erismann-Stepanova, Theodor Erismann, and Jean Matthieu, where another of Losev’s German-language articles, “Russian Philosophy”, was published (Russland 1919 (/ 2010), S. 79–109). Aza and Elena Takho-Godi also speculate that this text by Losev could have been intended for a similar collection in German, for example, a religious-philosophical collection which was planned for publication by Alexander Yaschenko in Berlin in 1922.Footnote 2,Footnote 3
Palamite background
One of the central lines of this article is the role in the Name-glorifying doctrine of the Palamite controversy in Byzantium and the teaching of Gregory Palamas (c. 1296–1359). The latter argued for the distinction in God between the unknowable and unparticipable essence, on the one hand, and the knowable and participable uncreated energies of this essence, on the other. According to Palamas, the Thaborian light, which was revealed to the Apostles during the Transfiguration of Christ (Matt 17:2), is such an uncreated energy. The representatives of the Russian Name-glorifiers’ circle of the beginning of the twentieth century maintained that when Christians think about God and name Him, as in prayer, they participate in God Himself in His energies, and therefore God’s names, which a human being thinks of and utters, are themselves divine energies (in the Palamite sense), which means they are God Himself.Footnote 4
Losev’s “Onomatodoxy” and his pro-imiaslavie predecessors
A close inspection of Losev’s “Onomatodoxy” in the historical context shows that Losev follows the program (relevant for the 1910s) of pro-imiaslavie thinkers, such as Mitrophan Muretov, Vladimir Ern, and Pavel Florensky, and, in some essential respects, this article is especially close to Florensky’s paper “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise” (Imeslavie kak filosofskaja predposylka) (Florensky 2000, pp. 252–287; the first publication: Boneckaja 1988, pp. 40–68).
This similarity is manifested in the following ways. Firstly, Losev, in his “Onomatodoxy”, follows the paradigm shared by both Florensky and like-minded thinkers, such as Muretov and Ern (see Nivière 1988, pp. 184–185, 187), in identifying Name-glorification with Palamism, and characterizing Name-glorification and Palamism as Platonism (Losev 1999, pp. 228–230). Correspondingly, the anti-Name-glorifiers’ stance is referred to by Losev (Ibid), as well as by Florensky,Footnote 5 as Iconoclasm and Kantianism and is marked by each of them as subjective psychologism. In this respect, Losev follows the fundamental historical-philosophical opposition Platonism–Kantianism championed by Florensky (Hagemeister 2001, p. 23; Nethercott 2000, pp. 80–82; Oppo 2018, pp. 391–396). Secondly, the antinomical formulas of Name-glorification and Palamism, suggested by Losev,Footnote 6 are very close, though not completely identical to, the formulas of Florensky.Footnote 7 Thirdly, when Losev (1999, p. 229) discusses the philosophical foundations of Onomatodoxy and Palamism, important and constitutive sources for him are the anathemas to Barlaam of Calabria and Gregory Akindynos from the “Synodicon for the Sunday of Orthodoxy”. We see the same in Florensky’s “Onomatodoxy” as well (Florensky 2000, pp. 270–271). Fourthly, Losev and Florensky, expressing the Name-glorifying formula, do it in both Russian and Greek.Footnote 8 The Greek formula is very close in both thinkers: Footnote 9 in Losev (1999, p. 236), and
Footnote 10 in Florensky (2000, p. 269).
Losev’s “Onomatodoxy” and Florensky’s “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise”
On reflection, the observation that Losev’s program in his “Onomatodoxy” corresponds to Florensky’s program, elaborated in his “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise”, presupposes a certain puzzle. If it is really so, then which of these texts depends on the other? Florensky’s text cannot depend on Losev’s as Florensky was Losev’s mentor in respect to the philosophical foundations of the Onomatodox doctrine. At the same time, it would seem that Losev’s article “Onomatodoxy” cannot depend on Florensky’s “Onomatodoxy”. As we have seen, according to the most probable dating accepted by scholars, Losev wrote his article soon after 1917, while Florensky’s text was createdFootnote 11 later, in October–November 1922, on the basis of his talks and lectures on Name-glorification.Footnote 12 Florensky started to deliver such lectures in March 1921 (Trubachyov 2015, pp. 433, 434, 437, 439ff.; Florensky 2017, pp. 146, 155, 161ff.), having rejected his strategy of deliberate silence in public about the Name-glorifying doctrine as “the sacred mystery of the Church”, which he had followed before.Footnote 13
I would also like to note that a formula of Name-glorification, similar to the formulas offered by Losev and Florensky, was used by Sergei Bulgakov as well, in his seminars devoted to Sophia, which he conducted in Paris in October–December 1928.Footnote 14 Keeping in mind that Bulgakov left Moscow in July 1918, and that this formula was not discussed in the extant correspondence between Bulgakov and Florensky (who stayed in Soviet Russia), which continued until 1922 (Trubachyov 2001), one can conclude that the formula of Name-glorification was common within the circle of Russian pro-imiaslavie philosophers before 1918.
Florensky’s notes on Nikon Rozhdestvensky’s article as the prototype for Florensky’s and Losev’s “Onomatodoxy”
My research shows that the earliest text-prototype, containing important characteristic lines of the later pro-imiaslavie texts of Losev and Florensky, is the latter’s notes, containing his commentaries on the anti-imiaslavie article of archbishop Nikon (Rozhdestvensky) “The Great Temptation around the Most Holy Name of God” (Velikoe iskushenie okolo sviateishego Imeni Bozhiia).Footnote 15 These notes, published only relatively recently (Florensky 2000, pp. 299–344 / Nachala 1996, pp. 89–135), were written by Florensky soon after the appearance of Nikon’s article in print, i.e., around the middle of 1913 (Trubachyov 2015, pp. 314, 396).
These notes contain some specific lines, which I have mentioned above, common to both Losev’s “Onomatodoxy” and Florensky’s deliberations in his “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise”. In these notes, we do not yet see a full-fledged appropriation of the Palamite distinction between the essence and the energy,Footnote 16 or an attribution of a universal philosophical meaning to this distinction, as is the case in his later works, in particular, “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise”. However, here, in the Name-glorifying context, an opposition important for Losev’s “Onomatodoxy” is present, that of Platonism vs. Kantianism,Footnote 17 or Platonism vs. subjectivism (Florensky 2000, p. 319). Most importantly, Florensky (2000, pp. 307, 315, 317) elaborates here his formula of Name-glorification: “The name is God, but God is not a name”,Footnote 18 which came to play a fundamental role in the further course of the philosophical comprehension of Name-glorification in Russia. In order to substantiate this formula, Florensky (2000, p. 316) also elucidates specific implicative formulas, which establish the correspondence between a phenomenon and a thing on the basis of the four fundamental philosophical approaches, namely, Platonism, Kantianism, positivism, and immanentism.Footnote 19 The corresponding formulas, which were necessary for Florensky to substantiate his formula of Name-glorification,Footnote 20 became the basis for Losev (1999, p. 235; cf. Florensky 2000, pp. 273–274; see Obolevitch 2019, p. 99), in his “Onomatodoxy”, to develop his teaching about absolute symbolism, and these formulas lie behind Losev’s philosophical formula of Name-glorification as well.
For this reason, one could think that if Losev worked on his “Onomatodoxy” soon after 1917, as Aza and Elena Takho-Godi consider most probable, he bore in mind the notes of Florensky about Nikon’s article, and these very notes had a fundamental influence on the program put forward in his article.
Lines in Losev’s “Onomatodoxy”, which are absent in Florensky’s notes
However, there are certain lines, which can be found in Losev’s “Onomatodoxy”, but which are absent in Florensky’s notes. Firstly, the line related to the “Synodicon for the Sunday of Orthodoxy”: in Losev’s “Onomatodoxy”, we find traces of an attentive reading and analysis of anathemas against Gregory Akindynos and Barlaam of Calabria from the “Synodicon”, whereas Florensky’s notes to Nikon’s article have no traces of this. However, considerable attention to the “Synodicon” is characteristic for Florensky’s “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise” written in autumn 1922. Here, Florensky (2000, pp. 270–271) even quotes fragments from the anathemas, presented in the “Synodicon”, in his own translation. Secondly, the line connected with the formula of Name-glorification in Greek, which Florensky does not use in his notes to Nikon’s article, appears in his “Onomatodoxy”. The Greek formula, almost identical to Florensky’s, is used by Losev in his “Onomatodoxy”.
Thirdly, in the notes, Florensky, in discussing Platonism, positivism, and immanentism, utilizes the notion of “thing” and not the notion of “essence”—as he will do later in “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise”. It seems to me that this is explained by the fact that Florensky’s thought in these notes on Nikon departs from and revolves around the Kantian term veshh’ v sebe, the “thing in itself”.Footnote 21 In his “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise”, Florensky (2000, pp. 273–274), when discussing the same foundational premises, utilizes the notion of “essence” instead of “thing”. This can be explained by the presence of Palamite terminology, which is typical for that essay (namely, the Palamite distinction between the essence and energies). In this way, we see that, in Florensky, from his early notes on Nikon (Rozhdestvensky) to the essay “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise”, written later, Kantian language is replaced with Palamite language, and the Kantian “thing itself” becomes the Palamite unknowable “essence”.Footnote 22,Footnote 23 Tellingly, Losev (1999, p. 230) in his “Onomatodoxy”, when talking about the relationship between the manifesting and the manifested, uses the concept of essence as referring to the manifestation, which is characteristic of Palamite language, and not the concept of “thing”, characteristic of Kantian philosophical language. Here we also see the correspondence of the language used by Losev in his “Onomatodoxy” to the language of Florensky’s “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise”, and not that of Florensky’s notes on Nikon (Rozhdestvensky).
The interrelationship between Florensky and Losev, and the question of dating Losev’s “Onomatodoxy”
It is known from Losev’s memoirs (Rostovtsev and Florensky 1990, p. 9) that Losev and Florensky became acquainted at the meetings of the Moscow Religious-Philosophical Society in memory of Vladimir Solovyov. The meetings took place from 1906 to June 1918 (old calendar) (Ermishin 2011, p. 267). This means that their acquaintance goes back to the middle of the 2nd half of the 1910s (but no later than 1918).Footnote 24 However, friendship, though not very closely, bound Losev and Florensky only in 1920–21.Footnote 25 Albeit, in 1923, Losev and Florensky were still actively discussing the problems connected with Onomatodoxy.Footnote 26
If the article “Onomatodoxy” was indeed written by Losev soon after 1917, but not later than 1919, as Aza and Elena Takho-Godi suppose, it means that 1) Florensky’s notes were available to Losev at the time when they were not yet friends, but just formal acquaintances. However, these notes were stored in the 1910s in one copy in Florensky’s house in Sergiev Posad;Footnote 27 2) Losev has primacy in respect to the systemic employment of the anathemas against Barlaam and Akindynos from the “Synodicon for the Sunday of Orthodoxy” in consistent exposition of the Name-glorifying teaching (in Florensky, this line appears in the end of 1922 in his “Onomatodoxy”); 3) Losev preceded Florensky in using the formula of Name-glorification in Greek to give it more credibility; and 4) Losev coined this formula in Greek, and, as we have seen, it is almost identical in both thinkers (in Florensky this formula appears only in his “Onomatodoxy”).
The last three points may mean either that Florensky’s “Onomatodoxy” was dependent on Losev’s, or that there is a coincidence in the content of these works. The latter seems improbable if we bear in mind that in both texts the Greek formula of Onomatodoxy is used, and the wording of this formula is almost identical. As for the first point, namely, the dependence of Florensky’s “Onomatodoxy” on Losev’s, its probability is low, based on the particular testimony of Losev that Florensky was a mentor for him in respect to the philosophical foundations of the Name-glorification doctrine and the formula of Name-glorification itself (Rostovtsev and Florensky 1990, pp. 17–18).Footnote 28
Conclusion
On the basis of the analysis presented above, I conclude that the dating of Losev’s “Onomatodoxy”, which until now has been accepted as soon after 1917 but not later than 1919, is questionable. The analysis shows that there are traces of the influence of Florensky’s “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise” (written in October–November of 1922) in Losev’s “Onomatodoxy”. Some features of Losev’s “Onomatodoxy” cannot be explained by his acquaintance only with Florensky’s notes to archbishop Nikon’s article, written in 1913 (and the possibility of Losev’s acquaintance with Florensky’s notes is also dubious if we take into account the character of their relations before 1920). These features can be explained only by Losev’s acquaintance with the material presented in Florensky’s “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise”. These are such features as, firstly, the employment of the anathemas against Barlaam and Akindynos from “Synodicon for the Sunday of Orthodoxy” as a systemic source for the consideration of the Onomatodox (and Palamite) teaching; secondly, the usage of the formula of Onomatodoxy in Greek; thirdly, the very close correspondence of this Greek formula, quoted by Losev, to the corresponding formula in Florensky; and fourthly, it is Losev’s following of the Palamite language of “essence”, and not the Kantian language of “thing”, in his discussing the relationship between the manifesting and the manifested, as Florensky also did in his “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise” as opposed to his notes to Nikon (Rozhdestvensky).
Thus, there are sufficient grounds to state that Losev’s “Onomatodoxy” was written either after Florensky’s, i.e., after November 1922, or, at the earliest, after Florensky started to give talks and lectures about Onomatodoxy in Moscow (where Losev lived), the content of which is reflected in Losev’s “Onomatodoxy”, i.e., not earlier than spring 1921. Therefore, Losev’s “Onomatodoxy” could have been intended for the religious-philosophical collection of articles planned for publication by Yaschenko in 1922 in Berlin. This is the supposition by Aza and Elena Takho-Godi, which they considered as less probable in relation to the supposition about an earlier dating of Losev’s article. It also means that “Onomatodoxy” was written by Losev exactly during the period of the convergence of Losev and Florensky, which is quite evident from the text of Losev’s article.
Notes
See on this collection and on Yaschenko: Makarov (2010, pp. 60–63).
Elena Takho-Godi writes: “Perhaps, the text preserved in Losev’s archive in German translation, probably by M. Grabar-Passek, was intended for “Russland” […] (however, we cannot exclude the possibility that the text was intended for another publication, for example, for the collection of religious-philosophical articles planned to be published in Berlin by A. Yaschenko, who was the editor of the Berlin journal New Russian Book)” (Takho-Godi 2014, p. 165). [All quotes are the author’s translation from Russian.] See also Losev (2015, pp. 1045–1046); Takho-Godi (2013, p. 228); Troickij (2021, p. 672).
About the Name-glorifiers’ controversy and the doctrine of the Name-Glorifiers see Kenworthy (2020, pp. 327–342); Kenworthy (2014, pp. 85–107); Alfeyev (2007); Nivière (1987); Grillaert (2012, pp. 163–181); Dennes (1999, pp. 143–171); Tchantouridzé (2012, pp. 216–228); Kuße (2006, S. 77–110); Prat (1979, pp. 1–21); Dykstra (1988); Sels (2014, pp. 675–685); Biriukov and Gravin (2023, p. 4–5).
“The name of God is the energy of God, inseparable from the very essence of God, and therefore it is God himself. However God is different from his energies and his name, therefore God is neither his name, nor a name at all” (Losev 1999, p. 236).
As Florensky (2000, p. 269) points out, substantiating the necessity of the Greek formula of Name-glorification: “The clearest way to formulate it is in the language, exceptionally fit for the communication of the shades of philosophical thought”.
Literally: “God’s name is god and God Himself; but God Himself is neither a name, nor His very Name” (I keep the lowercase and uppercase letters as in the Greek).
“The Name of God is God and precisely God Himself, but God is neither His name nor His Very Name”.
As Andronik Trubachyov points out, this text was written down by Sofia Ogneva under the dictation of Florensky (2000, p. 555).
Ibid. These clandestine lectures given by Florensky in Moscow happened due to the termination of the activities of the Moscow Theological Academy, where Florensky served, in Sergiev Posad. For this reason, in the middle of 1919 the Academy moved to Moscow (see Trubachyov 2016, p. 258), and then Florensky himself moved to Moscow—probably, in the summer of 1920 (Trubachyov 2016, pp. 423–424). There, his immediate field of activity was related primarily to engineering research.
See Letter of Florensky to Ivan Pavlovich Scherbov. May 13, 1913, Sergiev Posad (Trubachyov 1998, pp. 99–100).
Archbishop Nikon’s article was published in the journal Tserkovnye vedomosti, No. 20, 1913, pp. 853–869. About Pavel Florensky in his relation to Nikon Rozhdestvensky, see: Kenworthy (2014).
Palamas and the Palamite controversies are mentioned here, but only in passing (Florensky 2000, pp. 317, 320, 332); the notion of energy and the connection essence–energy are also present here, but not in such an elaborated and systematic form, as in the later works of Florensky.
Notes of Priest Pavel Florensky to the article of Archbishop Nikon “The Great Temptation around the Most Holy Name of God” (Florensky 2000, p. 316).
See the corresponding formula in his “Onomatodoxy as a Philosophical Premise” (Florensky 2000, pp. 269–270).
That is the formula “phenomenon ⊃ essence: entity ⊃ — essence”.
Which is how Florensky (2000, p. 316) reproduced the term, although various ways of translating the Kantian Ding an sich in to Russian are possible and were used in Russian philosophical literature. Using the notion of the thing in itself to express Ding an sich, Florensky in this respect follows the tradition established in the preceding Russian Kantian literature since the first half of the nineteenth century (Vasilij N. Karpov, Nikolaj G. Debol’skij, Mikhail I. Karinskij, Sylvestr S. Gogotskij, and others, see Abramov and Zhuchkov (2004, pp. 87, 92–93, 99–104, 173, 176–178, 181, 183, 185, 201, 212–215 etc.), as well as presented in the famous Russian translation of Kant’s “Critique of Pure Reason” by Nikolai Lossky (1907), even though Florensky (2014, p. 524) was occasionally critical of this form of translation of Ding an sich to Russian. About the preceding Russian Kantian literature, see Nemeth (2017, pp. 10, 102–104, 113–114, 159–165, 173).
One can say that in the first half of the 1910s, in his notes, Florensky formulated the ontological formulas of Platonism, Kantianism, positivism, and immanentism, which reflect basic possible ontological situations, while using the language of “things,” which he combined with criticizing Kantianism and, correspondingly, the Kantian notion of the thing in itself (Florensky 2000, p. 316). This critique of the notion of the thing in itself was developed by Florensky (2014, pp. 103–104, 107, 524; cf. Kruglov 2009, p. 413) in his later essays as well, see, for instance, in “The philosophy of the cult” (1918), by then having already switched, under the influence of Palamism, to the language of essence in formulating these basic ontological formulas. As for Losev, he formulated the same ontological formulas on the language of essence from the very beginning (in his “Onomatodoxy”), without referring to the language of a thing. But like Florensky, Losev (1993, p. 859, cf. Seifrid 2005, p. 171) also criticizes Kantianism and the notion of the thing in itself, for example, in his “The philosophy of the Name” (written in 1923) (Losev 1993, p. 620) and “Thing and Name” (the 1920s).
However, traces of the Kantian “thing in itself”, in my opinion, are still evident in Florensky’s understanding of “essence” when he utilizes the Palamite distinction between essence and energies. Ultimately, Florensky separates essence from energy too strongly. In his mind, essence is not necessarily linked with energy (as it is in historical Palamism, where the energy is manifested regardless of the presence of an “other” toward which the energy could be directed). This is the difference between Florensky’s Palamism and historical Palamas. What is more, one could also say that this is exactly how Kantianism differs from Palamism, despite their formal similarity regarding the basic unknowability of the “thing” in Kantianism and of the divine “essence” in Palamism. The unknowable Kantian “thing in itself” does not produce an energy and is accessible only in the schematic framework of the human mind that examines it. In the teaching of Gregory Palamas, the unknowable essence, maintaining its unknowability, naturally produces energy and manifests itself outward in such a way that energy and essence, being different, remain inseparable, and the energy, in which the essence manifests itself, while remaining knowable, exists with a necessary connection to the essence, regardless of whether someone cognizes it. Cf. Gregory Palamas, Triads, I.3.27; III.2.5–7; 150 Chapters, 72–3, 113, 140 (cf. Biriukov 2021, p. 156).
It follows from Losev’s own words: “Since for a few years I rented a dacha in Sergiev Posad, quite often on Saturdays and Sundays I saw Father Pavel [Florensky]. Here some convergence between us took place. But I must say that he was a very reserved man and spoke reluctantly. [...] You see, I had real close communication with Florensky only in the very beginning of the revolution. These were the years 1920–1921 [...]. Our communication was deep, but short-term and very [...] dangerous. And the feeling of danger was immediately realized, for in 1922 many philosophers were exiled abroad” (Rostovtsev and Florensky 1990, pp. 9, 19).
It seems it were precisely these notes which Bulgakov asked Florensky to bring from Sergiev Posad (where Florensky lived) to Moscow in his letter to Florensky from December 9, 1917 (Trubachyov 2001, p. 136 and note 2; Trubachyov 2015, p. 428). Whether they were brought for some time to Moscow by Florensky upon Bulgakov’s request, is unknown.
In this respect, one can also pay attention to the tone of the above-mentioned letter from Losev to Florensky from January 30, 1923, which testifies to the fact that it was Losev who was eager to study with Florensky, and not the other way round: “Much esteemed and dear f. Pavel! I dare to disturb you with a most humble request to look at the attached theses of the Name-glorifying teaching during your stay in Moscow and mark on the margins all your hesitations, corrections and additions. […] Since I often have to argue and in a few days I will have to dispute with desperate Onomatoclasts, I would like have solid and systematic, but concise theses, in which it would be preferable if philosophical terminology could be avoided, although the most general and abstract formulas would be given. Since I am interested in a precise edition (which I have not found in the existing Name-glorifying literature), I would ask you to cross out what seems wrong to you and make corrections according to your understanding. [...] I also have purely philosophical theses of Name-glorification, but I do not dare to bother you with them simultaneously with these ones. If I have your permission, please allow me to bother you with them during one of your next visits” (Rostovtsev and Florensky 1990, pp. 14–15).
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Biriukov, D. The Name-glorifying projects of Alexei Losev and Pavel Florensky: A question of their historical interrelation. Stud East Eur Thought (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11212-023-09555-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11212-023-09555-9