Abstract
Statistical relations between the geomagnetic Dst index, cosmic ray variations, and solar wind characteristics are compared for Forbush decreases associated with: (i) coronal mass ejections from active regions (AR-CMEs) accompanied by solar flares, (ii) filament eruptions outside active regions, (iii) corotating interaction regions (CIRs) caused by high-speed streams from coronal holes, (iv) mixed events induced by two or more solar sources. Relationships of geomagnetic indices and parameters of cosmic rays and the solar wind are also compared between sporadic events with or without magnetic clouds (MCs) and between Solar Cycles (SCs) 23 and 24. The results reveal that interplanetary disturbances originated by AR-CMEs associated with an MC are most geoeffective and cause powerful geomagnetic storms, while CIRs create only moderate and weak storms. Sporadic and recurrent events differ in values of the Dst index and southward component of the magnetic field, as well as in the relationship between them. For sporadic events, geomagnetic activity is more affected by the presence or absence of an MC than by the type of solar source. Interplanetary disturbances associated with AR-CMEs are more effective in SC 23 while those associated with other types of solar sources have approximately the same geoeffectiveness in both SCs.
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Data Availability
The data underlying this work is available as follows:
1. NOOA Space Weather Scale (https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation)
2. Forbush Effects and Interplanetary Disturbances catalogue (FEID, https://tools.izmiran.ru/feid/)
3. Variations of Cosmic Rays (VCR, http://spaceweather.izmiran.ru/dbs/kt/vcr.txt)
4. OMNI database (http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow.html)
5. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/kp-index/)
6. Kyoto Dst index service (http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dstdir/index.html)
7. GOES X-ray Data Lists of Space Weather Prediction Centre (http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/lgoes-x-ray)
8. Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre (SILSO, https://www.sidc.be/silso/datafiles)
9. The worldwide network of Neutron Monitors (NMDB, https://www.nmdb.eu/)
10. International Centre of Geomagnetic Indices (https://isgi.unistra.fr/data_download.php)
11. MFI team science, Magnetic cloud Table 1 (https://wind.nasa.gov/mfi/mag_cloud_pub1.html);
12. MFI team science, Magnetic cloud Table 2 (https://wind.nasa.gov/mfi/mag_cloud_S1.html)
13. List of shock-driving ICMEs during solar cycle 23 selected from Gopalswamy et al. 2010 (https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/meetings/2010_fluxrope/LWS_CDAW2010_ICMEtbl.html)
14. Catalogue of Near-Earth Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections Since January 1996 compiled by Ian Richardson and Hilary Cane (http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ASC/DATA/level3/icmetable2.htm)
15. Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Index of /omni/ catalog (http://www.iki.rssi.ru/omni/catalog/)
16. List of researched events http://spaceweather.izmiran.ru/dbs/melkumyan/data_gms_and_fds.pdf
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the personnel of the world network of cosmic ray stations providing data from the continuous record of the neutron component, http://cr0.izmiran.ru/ThankYou, and to the Neutron Monitor Database (NMDB, www.nmdb.eu) created in the scope of the FP7 program of the European Commission (project ID 213007) for the presented data. We are grateful also to the Space Physics Data Facility at NASA Goddard for providing the OMNI data.
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Melkumyan: statistical analysis, interpretation of the results, writing of the manuscript. Belov: conceptualization, coordination, interpretation of the results. Shlyk: interpretation of the results, review of the manuscript. Abununa: interpretation of the results. Figures preparation: Abunin, Oleneva. Yanke: data preparation.
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Melkumyan, A.A., Belov, A.V., Shlyk, N.S. et al. Forbush Decreases and Associated Geomagnetic Storms: Statistical Comparison in Solar Cycles 23 and 24. Sol Phys 299, 40 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-024-02281-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-024-02281-3