Abstract
In this article we present results of studying the association between the muon flux variation at ground level, registered by the New-Tupi muon telescopes (\(22^{\circ} 53'00''~\mbox{S}, 43^{\circ} 06'13'~\mbox{W}\); 3 m above sea level), and the geomagnetic storm on 25 – 29 August 2015 that has raged for several days as a result of a coronal mass ejection (CME) impact on Earth’s magnetosphere. A sequence of events started with an M3.5 X-ray class flare on 22 August 2015 at 21:19 UTC. The New-Tupi muon telescopes observed a Forbush decrease (FD) triggered by this geomagnetic storm, which began on 26 August 2015. After Earth crossed the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), an increase in particle flux was observed on 28 August 2015 by spacecraft and ground-level detectors. The observed peak was in temporal coincidence with the impact of a high-speed stream (HSS). We study this increase, which has been observed with a significance above 1.5% by ground-level detectors in different rigidity regimes. We also estimate the lower limit of the energy fluence injected on Earth. In addition, we consider the origin of this increase, such as acceleration of particles by shock waves at the front of the HSS and the focusing effect of the HCS crossing. Our results show possible evidence of a prolonged energetic (up to GeV energies) particle injection within the Earth atmosphere system, driven by the HSS. In most cases, these injected particles are directed to the polar regions. However, the particles from the high-energy tail of the spectrum can reach mid-latitudes, and this could have consequences for the atmospheric chemistry. For instance, the creation of NOx species may be enhanced, and this can lead to increased ozone depletion. This topic requires further study.
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Council for Research (CNPq) of Brazil, under Grant 306605/2009-0 and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), under Grant 08458.009577/2011-81 and E-26/101.649/2011. We express our gratitude to the ACE/MAG instrument team, the ACE Science Center, the NASA GOES team and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center ( http://www.swpc.noaa.gov ) for valuable information and for real time data. The Dst indices were provided by the World Data Center for Geomagnetism at Kyoto University, Japan ( http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp ). We acknowledge the NMDB database ( http://www.nmdb.eu ), founded under the European Union FP7 program (contract No. 213007) for providing data. The authors thank the anonymous referee for assistance, advice, and very valuable and helpful suggestions.
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Earth-affecting Solar Transients
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Augusto, C.R.A., Navia, C.E., de Oliveira, M.N. et al. Muon Excess at Sea Level during the Progress of a Geomagnetic Storm and High-Speed Stream Impact Near the Time of Earth’s Heliospheric Sheet Crossing. Sol Phys 292, 107 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1116-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1116-1