Abstract
The extension of particularized trust to generalized trust is an important factor in building a harmonious society. It is necessary to explore the construction path of generalized trust. The moderating effect of long- and short-term orientation at the nation level on the extension of particularized trust to generalized trust is an important node to observe the national cultural differences in the formation of generalized trust. Based on the joint World Value Survey/European Values Study database, this study examines the extension of particularized trust to generalized trust among 114,147 respondents in 73 countries or regions using Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model and Hierarchical Linear Model. The results showed that (1) individuals in countries or regions with more long-term orientation have lower levels of generalized trust. (2) Particularized trust significantly positively predicts generalized trust. (3) Long-term orientation at the nation level improved the positive extension of particularized trust (i.e. trust in neighbors, friends) to generalized trust. The results are beneficial to the establishment of amicable societies and are an important theoretical addition to the sources of generalized trust.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abubakar, M. M., Mokhtar, S. S. M., & Abdullateef, A. O. (2013). The moderating effect of long-term orientation culture on the relationship between trust, personalization and customer satisfaction and loyalty: A proposed framework. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(9), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v3-i9/194
Ahern, K. R., Duchin, R., & Shumway, T. (2014). Peer effects in risk aversion and trust. The Review of Financial Studies, 27(11), 3213–3240. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhu042
Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. (2002). Who trusts others? Journal of Public Economics, 85(2), 207–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00084-6
Antonczyk, R. C., Breuer, W., & Salzmann, A. J. (2014). Long-term orientation and relationship lending: A cross-cultural study on the effect of time preferences on the choice of corporate debt. Management International Review, 54(3), 381–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-014-0201-z
Bearden, W. O., Money, R. B., & Nevins, J. L. (2006). A measure of long-term orientation: Development and validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(3), 456–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070306286706
Benlian, A., & Hess, T. (2011). The signaling role of IT features in influencing trust and participation in online communities. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 15(4), 7–56. https://doi.org/10.2753/JEC1086-4415150401
Bennett, R. (1996). Relationship formation and governance in consumer markets: Transactional analysis versus the behaviourist approach. Journal of Marketing Management, 12(5), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.1996.9964425
Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., & McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 122–142. https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1995.1027
Braesemann, F., & Stephany, F. (2021). Between bonds and bridges: Evidence from a survey on trust in groups. Social Indicators Research, 153(1), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02471-z
Chen, F. P. (2012). Routes for civic engagement in market society: Relationlism-espoused trust or generalized trust. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 32(2), 84–104. In Chinese.
Cidral, W., Aparicio, M., & Oliveira, T. (2020). Students’ long-term orientation role in e-learning success: A Brazilian study. Heliyon, 6(12), e05735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05735
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-179060-8.50007-4
Cook, K. S. (2005). Networks, norms, and trust: the social psychology of social capital 2004 cooley mead award address. Social Psychology Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250506800102
da Alexandre, C. G., & Zilber, S. N. (2019). The moderating role of cultural factors in the adoption of mobile banking in Brazil. International Journal of Innovation Science, 11(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-11-2017-0119
Delhey, J., & Newton, K. (2003). Who trusts?: The origins of social trust in seven societies. European Societies, 5(2), 93–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461669032000072256
Dinesen, P. T. (2012). Does generalized (dis) trust travel? Examining the impact of cultural heritage and destination-country environment on trust of immigrants. Political Psychology, 33(4), 495–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00886.x
DiPrete, T. A., Gelman, A., McCormick, T., Teitler, J., & Zheng, T. (2011). Segregation in social networks based on acquaintanceship and trust. American Journal of Sociology, 116(4), 1234–1283. https://doi.org/10.1086/659100
Flannery, K. B., Benz, M. R., Yovanoff, P., Kato, M. M., & Lindstrom, L. (2011). Predicting employment outcomes for consumers in community college short-term training programs. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 54(2), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355210368432
Freitag, M., & Traunmüller, R. (2009). Spheres of trust: An empirical analysis of the foundations of particularised and generalised trust. European Journal of Political Research, 48(6), 782–803. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.00849.x
Ganesan, S. (1994). Determinants of long-term orientation in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252265
Gardner, W., Mulvey, E. P., & Shaw, E. C. (1995). Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models. Psychological Bulletin, 118(3), 392–404. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.3.392
Garoon, J., Engelman, M., Gitlin, L., & Szanton, S. (2016). Where does the neighborhood go? Trust, social engagement, and health among older adults in Baltimore City. Health & Place, 41, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.07.002
Glanville, J. L., & Shi, Q. (2020). The extension of particularized trust to generalized and out-group trust: The constraining role of collectivism. Social Forces, 98(4), 1801–1828. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz114
Graafland, J., & Lous, B. (2019). Income inequality, life satisfaction inequality and trust: a cross country panel analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(6), 1717–1737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0021-0
Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2003). People’s opium? Religion and economic attitudes. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 225–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00201-5
Hamamura, T. (2012). Social class predicts generalized trust but only in wealthy societies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(3), 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111399649
He, J., & Sun, L. (2020). Does continuity matter? Developing a new long-term orientation structure in a cross-cultural context: A study on supply chain relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.003
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: software of the mind. McGraw-Hill Book Company Europe.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences-comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G., & Minkov, M. (2010). Long-versus short-term orientation: New perspectives. Asia Pacific Business Review, 16(4), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381003637609
Jing, Y., & Bond, M. H. (2015). Sources for trusting most people: How national goals for socializing children promote the contributions made by trust of the in-group and the out-group to non-specific trust. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(2), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114557488
Keele, L. (2007). Social capital and the dynamics of trust in government. American Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00248.x
Keller, M. (2004). A cross-cultural perspective on friendship research. ISBBD Newsletter, 46(2), 10–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/05568640409485146
Kim, S. H., & Kim, S. (2021). Particularized trust, institutional trust, and generalized trust: An examination of causal pathways. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 33(4), 840–855. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edab021
Kim, Y., Sommet, N., Na, J., & Spini, D. (2022). Social class—not income inequality—predicts social and institutional trust. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(1), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550621999272
Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2013). Age differences in trust: An investigation across 38 countries. Journals of Gerontology Series b: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(3), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs072
Lin, M., Lucas, H. C., Jr., & Shmueli, G. (2013). Research commentary—too big to fail: large samples and the p-value problem. Information Systems Research, 24(4), 906–917. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2013.0480
Nannestad, P. (2008). What have we learned about generalized trust, if anything? Annual Review of Political Science., 11, 413–436. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135412
Narteh, B., Agbemabiese, G. C., Kodua, P., & Braimah, M. (2013). Relationship marketing and customer loyalty: Evidence from the Ghanaian luxury hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22(4), 407–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2012.660564
Neuhaus, J. M. (1992). Statistical methods for longitudinal and clustered designs with binary responses. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 1(3), 249–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/096228029200100303
Newton, K., Stolle, D., & Zmerli, S. (2018). Social and political trust. The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust, 37, 961–976. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782545118.00033
Nguyen, H. T., Grant, D. B., Bovis, C., Nguyen, T. T. L., & Mac, Y. T. H. (2021). Factors affecting efficiency of electronic customs and firm performance in Vietnam. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(02), 151–164.
Picoto, W. N., & Pinto, I. (2021). Cultural impact on mobile banking use–A multi-method approach. Journal of Business Research, 124, 620–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.024
Poulin, M. J., & Haase, C. M. (2015). Growing to trust: Evidence that trust increases and sustains well-being across the life span. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(6), 614–621. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615574301
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (Vol. 1). London: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.1086/230447
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2015). Intraclass correlation coefficients in hierarchical design studies with discrete response variables: A note on a direct interval estimation procedure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 75(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164414564052
Rogosa, D. (1980). A critique of cross-lagged correlation. Psychological Bulletin, 88(2), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.245
Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
Schumann, J. H., Wangenheim, F., v., Stringfellow, A., Yang, Z., Praxmarer, S., Jimenez, F. R., et al. (2010). Drivers of trust in relational service exchange: Understanding the importance of cross-cultural differences. Journal of Service Research, 13(4), 453–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510368425
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
Smith, P. B. (2015). To lend helping hands: In-group favoritism, uncertainty avoidance, and the national frequency of pro-social behaviors. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(6), 759–771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115585141
Srivisal, N., Sanoran, K. L., & Bukkavesa, K. (2021). National culture and saving: How collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and future orientation play roles. Global Finance Journal, 50, 100670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2021.100670
Stephany, F. (2017). Who are your joneses? Socio-specific income inequality and trust. Social Indicators Research, 134(3), 877–898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1460-9
Sztompka, P. (1999). Trust: A sociological theory. Cambridge University Press.
Tam, K.-P., & Chan, H.-W. (2018). Generalized trust narrows the gap between environmental concern and pro-environmental behavior: Multilevel evidence. Global Environmental Change, 48, 182–194. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511753268.003
Tan, J. H., & Vogel, C. (2008). Religion and trust: An experimental study. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(6), 832–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.12.001
Uslaner, E. M. (2002). The moral foundations of trust. London: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.824504
Uslaner, E. M., & Conley, R. S. (2003). Civic engagement and particularized trust: The ties that bind people to their ethnic communities. American Politics Research, 31(4), 331–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2008.03.002
Van Lange, P. A. (2015). Generalized trust: Four lessons from genetics and culture. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414552473
Venaik, S., Zhu, Y., & Brewer, P. (2013). Looking into the future: Hofstede long term orientation versus GLOBE future orientation. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 20(3), 361–385. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCM-02-2012-0014
Wang, L. S., & Wang, M. F. (2021). The connecting path from particularized trust to generalized trust. Journal of Social Development, 8(03), 205–225+246. (In Chinese)
Wang, C. L., Siu, N. Y., & Barnes, B. R. (2008). The significance of trust and renqing in the long-term orientation of Chinese business-to-business relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(7), 819–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2008.01.008
Wang, T. Y., & Bernardo, A. B. (2017). Through the back door: Personality factors predict acceptance of illegal zou hou men among Chinese people. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.021
Yilmaz, C., Sezen, B., & Ozdemir, O. (2005). Joint and interactive effects of trust and (inter) dependence on relational behaviors in long-term channel dyads. Industrial Marketing Management, 34(3), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2004.07.005
Funding
This study was supported by the “the Research Project of Macao Polytechnic University (RP/ESCHS-04/2020)”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zheng, J., Wang, T.Y. & Zhang, T. The Extension of Particularized Trust to Generalized Trust: The Moderating Role of Long-term Versus Short-term Orientation. Soc Indic Res 166, 269–298 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03064-2
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03064-2