Abstract
The combination of rapid economic growth and urbanization, market dependency for food purchases, disposal of a significant portion of income to obtain food, and diverse dietary needs increase an urban household’s vulnerability to food insecurity. Hence, it is crucial to focus on urban food insecurity. Achieving urban food security is one of the development challenges in the twenty first century in most developing countries, including Indonesia. To examine this issue, a survey was conducted in Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya. The experience-based food security scale was adapted to measure the food security status in the study area. This scale assesses food insecurity over a 12-month recall period. This study aims to explore the food insecurity status and examine the factors that affect urban food insecurity of low-income households in three megacities. The random sampling technique was applied to collected data from 150 households of selected residential areas through paper-based questionnaire survey. Subsequently, the Rasch model was used to measure the food security status, finding that 27.4% of the participants were food insecure. A binary logistic regression was employed to identify main factors that influence the low-income urban household’s food security status in the study area. The significant predictors of urban food insecurity were also identified, including income, employment status, dependency ratio, a respondent’s urbanization status, and home ownership status. Therefore, an effective cross-sectoral policy intervention monitoring is needed to cope with the food insecurity issue both in regional and national levels of the country.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdullah, S., Zhou, D., Shah, T., Ali, S., Ahmad, W., Ud din, I., et al. (2017). Factors affecting household food security in rural northern hinterland of Pakistan. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.05.003.
Acs, G., & Nichols, A. (2006). An assessment of the income and expenses of America’s low‐income families using survey data from the national survey of America’s families. Washington, DC: National Poverty Center. http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-37.pdf. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Afkar, R., & Matz, J. A. (2015). Cash transfer, in-kind, or both? Assessing the food and nutrition security impacts of social protection programs in Indonesia. Paper presented at 2015 conference—International association of agricultural economists. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/210936/files/Afkar-Cash%20transfer_%20In-kind_%20or%20both%20Assessing%20Food%20and%20Nutrition%20Security%20Impacts-770.pdf. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
Ahmadi, D., & Melgar-Quinonez, H. (2018). Use of the food insecurity experience scale to assess food security status in Ireland, 2014–17: A cross-sectional analysis. The Lancet.,392(2), S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32868-X.
Akinboade, O. A., & Adeyefa, S. A. (2018). An analysis of variance of food security by its main determinants among the urban poor in the city of Tshwane. South Africa. Social Indicator Research,137(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1589-1.
Alam, M. M., Siwar, C., Wahid, A. N. M., & Talib, B. (2016). Food security and low-income households in the Malaysian East Coast economic region: An empirical analysis. Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies,28(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/rurd.12042.
Alderman, H. (2009). The economic cost of a poor start to life. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease,1, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174409990158.
Alderman, H., Gentili, U., Yemtsov, R. (2017). The 1.5 billion people question: Food, vouchers, or cash transfers? Washington, DC: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/398281507803030509/The-1-5-billion-people-question-food-vouchers-or-cash-transfers. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2016). Indonesia: Inclusive and sustainable growth assessment. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/cps-ino-2016-2019-ld-01.pdf. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Atuoye, K. N., Antabe, R., Sano, Y., Luginaah, I., & Bayne, J. (2019). Household income diversification and food insecurity in the upper west region of Ghana. Social Indicator Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02062-7.
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (2013). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia Indonesia Population Projection 2010–2035. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/5413/9148/4109/Proyeksi_Penduduk_Indonesia_2010-2035.pdf. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Balistreri, K. S. (2016). A decade of change: Measuring the extent, depth and severity of food insecurity. Journal of Family and Economic Issue,37(3), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-016-9500-9.
Ballard, T. J., Kepple, A. W., Cafiero, C. (2013). The food insecurity experience scale: Development of a global standard for monitoring hunger worldwide 2013 FAO. Rome. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/voh/FIES_Technical_Paper_v1.1.pdf. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Bandung City in Figures. (2017). Bandung city in figures. https://bandungkota.bps.go.id/publication/2017/08/11/7cf46753e6cb9992a7e401b6/kota-bandung-dalam-angka-2017.html. Retrieved October 27, 2018. https://bandungkota.bps.go.id/publication/2016/07/15/e1f27d4d9f7cadf8fc33a97a/kota-bandung-dalam-angka-2016.html. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
Banerjee, A., & Duflo, E. (2006). The economic lives of the poor. Department of economics working paper series. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Bank Indonesia. (2018). Foreign exchange rates. https://www.bi.go.id/en/moneter/informasi-kurs/transaksi-bi/Default.aspx. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
Bappenas. (2017). Voluntary National review (VNR): Eradicating poverty and promoting prosperity in a changing world. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/15705Indonesia.pdf. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Barret, C. B. (2010). Measuring food insecurity. Science,327(5967), 825–828. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182768.
Bartfeld, J., Dunifon, R., Nord, M., & Carlson, S. (2006). What factors account for state-to-state differences in food security? Economic Bulletin, 20. U.S. Department, Economic Research Service. https://idph.iowa.gov/Portals/1/Files/WIC/state_to_state_fs.pdf. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
Bickel, G., Nord M., Price, C., Hamilton, W., & Cook, J. (2000). Guide to measuring household food security. US Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation. https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/FSGuide.pdf. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
Birhane, T., Shiferaw, S., Hagos, S., & Mohindra, K. S. (2014). Urban food insecurity in the context of high food prices: A community based cross sectional study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health,14, 680. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-680.
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Cronbach’s alpha. BMJ,314(7080), 572.
Broussard, N. H. (2019). What explains gender differences in food insecurity. Food Policy,83, 180–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.01.003.
Cahya, D. L. (2016).Analysis of urban agriculture sustainability in Metropolitan Jakarta (case study: Urban agriculture in Duri Kosambi). Paper presented at CITIES 2015 International Conference, Intelligent Planning Towards Smart Cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.048.
Coates, J., Frongillo, E. A., Rogers, B. L., Webb, P., Wilde, P. E., & Houser, R. (2006a). Commonalities in the experience of household food insecurity across cultures: What are measures missing? The Journal of Nutrition,136(5), 1438s–1448s. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.5.1438s.
Coates, J., Swindale, A., Bilinsky, P. (2007). Household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) for measurement of household food access: Indicator guide 3. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project Academy, Washington, DC. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/eufao-fsi4dm/doc-training/hfias.pdf. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Coates, J. C., Webb, P., Houser, R. F., Rogers, B. L., & Wilde, P. (2010). He said, she said: Who should speak for households about experience of food insecurity in Bangladesh? Food Security,2, 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-010-0052-9.
Coates, J., Wilde, P. E., Webb, P., Rogers, B. L., & Houser, R. F. (2006b). Comparison of a qualitative and a quantitative approach to developing a household food insecurity scale for Bangladesh. The Journal of Nutrition,136(5), 1420S–1430S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.5.1420S.
Coleman-Jensen, A., Nord, M., Margaret, A., & Steven, C. (2011). Statistical supplement to household food security in the United States in 2010: AP-057. USDA, Economic Research Service https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/42781/6888_ap057.pdf?v=41068. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and internal structure of tests. Psychometrika,16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555.
Crosson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature,47(2), 448–474. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.448.
Davis, J. C., & Henderson, J. V. (2003). Evidence on the political economy of the urbanization process. Journal of Urban Economics,53(1), 98–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00504-1.
de Toledo Vianna, R. P., Hromi-Fiedler, A. J., Segall-Correa, A. M., et al. (2012). Household food insecurity in small municipalities in Northeastern Brazil: A validation study. Food Security,4, 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-012-0181-4.
Diehl, J. A., Oviatt, K., Chandra, A. J., & Kaur, H. (2019). Household food consumption patterns and food security among low-income migrant urban farmers in Delhi, Jakarta, and Quito. Sustainability,11(5), 1378. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051378.
FAO. (2009). World summit on food security. World Food Summit.
Felker-Kantor, E., & Wood, C. H. (2012). Female-headed households and food insecurity in Brazil. Food Security,4(4), 607–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-012-0215-y.
Firman, T. (2009). The continuity and change in mega-urbanization in Indonesia: A survey of Jakarta-Bandung Region (JBR) development. Habitat International, 33(4), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.08.005.
Floro, M. S., & Swain, R. B. (2013). Food security, gender, and occupational choice among urban low-income households. World Development,42, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.08.005.
Frongillo, E. A., Nguyen, H. T., Smith, M. D., & Coleman-Jensen, A. (2017). Food insecurity is associated with subjective well-being among individuals from 138 countries in the 2014 Gallup World Poll. The Journal of Nutrition,147(4), 680–687. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.243642.
Garrett, J. L., & Ruel, M. T. (1999). Are determinants of rural and urban food security and nutritional status different? Some insights from Mozambique. World Development,27(11), 1955–1975. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00091-1.
Garson, G. D. (Ed.). (2016). Logistic Regression: Binomial and Multinomial. Asheboro: Statistical Associates Publishers.
Ghazali, A., & Martini, L. (2012). Bandung as service city in Indonesia: Role of academician, business, and community. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,52, 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.469.
Gordon, R. A. (2015). Measuring constructs in family science: How can item response theory improve precision and validity? Journal of Marriage and Family,77(1), 147–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12157.
Gross, R., Schoeneberger, H., Pfeiffer, H., & Preuss, H.A. (2000). The four dimensions of food and nutrition security: Definitions and concepts. http://www.fao.org/elearning/course/FA/en/pdf/P-01_RG_Concept.pdf. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Haddad, L., Kennedy, E., & Sullivan, J. (1994). Choice of indicators for food security and nutrition monitoring. Food Policy,19(3), 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(94)90079-5.
Hadley, C., Belachew, T., Lindstrom, D., & Tessema, F. (2011). The shape of things to come? Household dependency ratio and adolescent nutritional status in rural and urban Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology,144(4), 643–652. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21463.
Hamilton, W. L., Cook, J. T., Thompson, W. W., Buron, L. F., Frongillo Jr, E. A., Olson, C. M., et al. (1997). Household food security in the United States in 1995: Technical report of the food security measurement project. US Department of Agriculture Food, Washington, DC. https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/SUMRPT.PDF. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Harris, J. R., & Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. The American Economic Review, 60(1), 126–142. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1807860.
Hastuti, S. M., Sumarto, S., Suryahadi, A., & Mawardi, S. (2008). The effectiveness of the Raskin Program. SMERU Research Institute. http://www.eaber.org/sites/default/files/documents/SMERU_Hastuti_2008.pdf. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
Headey, D. D. (2013). The impact of the global food crisis on self-assessed food security. Policy research working paper, 6329. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/762131468267628816/pdf/wps6329.pdf. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
Indrianingrum, L. (2017). Housing ownership and affordability among low-income society in the poorest subdistrict of Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Paper presented at Conference on education, concept, and application of green technology. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976883.
Jackson, J. A., Branscum, A., Tang, A., & Smit, E. (2019). Food insecurity and physical functioning limitations among older U.S. adults. Preventive Medicine Reports, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100829.
Jakarta in Figures. (2017). Jakarta in figures. https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2017/08/16/3e3564fb6453d384983128b0/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2017.html. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
Jones, G. W. (2014). The 2010–2035 Indonesian population projection: Understanding the causes, consequences and policy options for population and development. https://indonesia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Policy_brief_on_The_2010_%E2%80%93_2035_Indonesian_Population_Projection.pdf. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Kaufman, L., & Karpati, A. (2007). Understanding the sociocultural roots of childhood obesity: Food practices among Latino families of Bushwick, Brooklyn. Social Science and Medicine,64, 2177–2188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.019.
Kirkland, T., Kemp, R. S., Hunter, L. M., & Twine, W. S. (2013). Toward improved understanding of food security: A methodological examination based in rural south Africa. Food, culture, & society,16(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174413X13500468045407.
Kumar, A., Bantilan, M. C. S., Kumar, P., Kumar, S., & Jee, S. (2012). Food security in India: Trend, patterns and determinants. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics,67(3), 445–463.
Kwon, H. J., & Kim, W. R. (2015). The evolution of cash transfers in Indonesia: Policy transfer and national adaption. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies.,2(2), 425–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.83.
Larson, J. B., Castellanos, P., & Jensen, L. (2019). Gender, household food security, and dietary diversity in western Honduras. Global Food Security,20, 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.01.005.
Leroy, J. L., Ruel, M., Frongillo, E. A., Harris, J., & Ballard, T. J. (2015). Measuring the food access dimension of food security: A critical review and mapping indicator. Food and Nutrition Bulletin,36(2), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572115587274.
Loopstra, R., & Tarasuk, V. (2013). Severity of household food insecurity is sensitive to change in household income and employment status among low-income families. The Journal of Nutrition,143(8), 1316–1323. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.175414.
Mahadevan, R., & Hoang, V. (2016). Is there a link between poverty and food security? Social Indicator Research,128(1), 179–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1025-3.
Maharjan, K. L., & Joshi, N. P. (2011). Determinants of household food security in Nepal: A binary logistic regression analysis. Journal of Mountain Science,8(3), 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-2001-2.
Mahmudiono, T., Nindya, T. A., Andrias, D. R., Megatsari, H., & Rosenkranz, R. R. (2018). Household food insecurity as a predictor of stunted children and overweight/obese mothers (SCOWT) in urban Indonesia. Nutrients,10(5), 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050535.
Maitra, C. (2014). Going beyond calories—Looking at experiential food insecurity in urban slum households in Kolkata. Discussion paper No. 523. http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/abstract/523.pdf. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Maitra, C., & Rao, D. S. P. (2015). Poverty-food security nexus: evidence from a survey of urban slum dwellers in Kolkata. World Development, 72, 308–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.03.006.
Maxwell, D. (1999). The political economy of urban food security in sub-Saharan Africa. World Development,27(11), 1939–1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00101-1.
Maxwell, D., & Richard, C. (2003). The coping strategies index: A tool for rapidly monitoring food security and the impact of food aid programs in humanitarian emergencies. https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/906/coping-strategies-index-manual-second-edition-(final)[1].pdf. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
McKenzie, D., & Rapoport, H. (2010). Self-selection patterns in Mexico-US migration: The role of migration networks. The Review of Economics and Statistics,92(4), 811–821. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00032.
Miewald, C., Ibanez-Carrasco, F., & Turner, S. (2010). Negotiating the local food environment: The lived experience of food access for low-income people living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition,5(4), 510–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2010.530550.
Ministry of Agriculture and World Food Programme. (2015). Food security and vulnerability Atlas of Indonesia 2015. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/wfp276251.pdf. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
Mohammadi, F., Omidvar, N., Houshiar-Rad, A., Khoshfetrat, M. R., Abdollahi, M., & Mehrabi, Y. (2011). Validity of an adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale in urban households in Iran. Public Health Nutrition,15(1), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011001376.
Na, M., Gross, A. L., Wu, L. S. F., Caswell, B. L., Talegawkar, S. A., & Palmer, C. A. (2016). Internal validity of the Food Access Survey Tool in assessing household food insecurity in rural Zambia. Food Security,8(3), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0573-y.
National Research Council. (2006). Food insecurity and hunger in the united states: An assessment of the measure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Ngema, P. Z., Sibanda, M., & Musemwa, L. (2018). Household food security status and its determinants in Maphumolo Local Municipality. South Africa. Sustainability,10(9), 3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093307.
Nord, M. (2014). Introduction to item response theory applied to food security measurement: Basic concepts, parameters and statistics. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3946e.pdf. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
Nord, M., Cafierom, C., & Viviani, S. (2016). Methods for estimating comparable prevalence rates of food insecurity experienced by adults in 147 countries and areas. Journal of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/772/1/012060.
Nord, M., Coleman-Jensen, A., & Gregory, C. (2014). Prevalence of U.S. food insecurity is related to changes in unemployment, inflation, and the price of the food. Economic Research Report, 167. U.S Department, Economic Research Service. https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/sites/main/files/file-attachments/usda_food_insecurity_2014.pdf. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
Nord, M., Satpathy, A. K., Raj, N., Webb, P., & Houser, R. (2002). Comparing household survey-based measures of food insecurity across countries: Case studies in India, Uganda, Bangladesh. Discussion Paper No. 7. Presented at the international scientific symposium on measurement and assessment of food deprivation and under-nutrition. https://nutrition.tufts.edu/sites/default/files/fpan/wp07-comparing_measures.pdf. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
Owino, A., Wesonga, R., & Nabugoomu, F. (2014). Determining food insecurity: An application of the Rasch model with household survey data in Uganda. International Journal of Food Science. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/121269.
Pangaribowo, E. V., Gerber, N., & Torero, M. (2013). Food and nutrition security indicators: A review. ZEF working paper no.108. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2237992.
Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2012). Can experience-based household food security scales help improve food security governance?. Global Food security,1(2), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2012.10.006.
Piaseu, N., & Mitchell, P. (2004). Household food insecurity among urban poor in Thailand. Journal of Nursing Scholarship,36(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2004.04023.x.
Radimer, K. L., Olson, C. M., Greene, J. C., Campbell, C. C., & Habicht, J. P. (1992). Understanding hunger and developing items to assess it in women and children. Journal of Nutrition Education,24(1), 36S–44S. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80137-3.
Rafiei, M., Nord, M., Sadeghizadeh, A., & Entezari, M. H. (2009). Assessing the internal validity of a household survey-based food security measure adapted for use in Iran. Nutrition Journal. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-8-28.
Ravallion, M. (2012). Poor, or just feeling poor? On using subjective data in measuring poverty. Policy research working paper series with number. World Bank, Washington DC, 569B. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/560421468152099804/pdf/WPS5968.pdf. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
Reicks, M., Smith, C., Henry, H., Reimer, K., Atwell, J., & Thomas, R. (2003). Use of the think aloud method to examine fruit and vegetable purchasing behaviors among low-income African-American women. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior,35, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60200-5.
Resosudarmo, B. P., & Suryadarma, D. (2014). The impact of childhood migration on educational attainment: Evidence from rural-urban migrants in Indonesia. Asian Population Studies,10(3), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2014.942954.
Rose, D. (1999). Economic determinants and dietary consequences of food insecurity in the United States. The Journal of Nutrition,129(2), 517S–520S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.2.517S.
Sharma, P., Dwivedi, S., & Singh, D. (2016). Global poverty, hunger, and malnutrition: A situational analysis. Biofortification of Food Crops. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2716-8_2.
Smith, M. D., Kassa, W., & Winters, P. (2017). Assessing food insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean using FAO’s Food Insecurity Experience Scale. Food Policy,71, 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.07.005.
Soldavini, J., Berner, M., & Da Silva, J. (2019). Rates of characteristics associated with food insecurity differ among undergraduate and graduate students at a large public university in the Southeast United States. Preventive Medicine Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100836.
Spence, M., Annez, P. C., & Buckley, R. M. (2009). Urbanization and growth: Commicion on growth and development. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2582 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., & Stone, A. A. (2015). Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing. The Lancet,385(9968), 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61489-0.
Studdert, L. J., Frongilo, E. A., Jr., & Valois, P. (2001). Household food insecurity was prevalent in Java during Indonesia’s Economic crisis. The Journal of Nutrition,131(1), 2685–2691. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.10.2685.
Sumarto, S & Bazzi, S. (2011). Socila protection in Indonesia: Past experience and lessons for the future. Paper presented at the 2011 Annual Bank Conference on Development Opportunities (ABCDE) jointly organized by the World Bank and OECD. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABCDE/Resources/7455676-1292528456380/7626791-1303141641402/7878676-1306270833789/ABCDE-Submission-Sumarto_and_Bazzi.pdf. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
Surabaya Municipality in Figures. (2017). Surabaya municipality in figures. https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/publication/2017/08/16/7722553ce4f539a3acb936a6/kota-surabaya-dalam-angka-2017.html. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
Tantu, A. T., Gamebo, T. D., Sheno, B. K., & Kabalo, M. Y. (2017). Household food insecurity and associated factors among households in Wolaita Sodo town, 2015. Agriculture & Food Security. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0098-4.
Tarasuk, V. (2017). Implications of a basic of a basic income guarantee for household food insecurity. Thunder Bay: Northern Policy Institute. https://proof.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Paper-Tarasuk-BIG-EN-17.06.13-1712.pdf. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Tarigan, A. K. M., Sagala, S., Samsura, D. A. A., Fiisabiilillah, D. F., Simarmata, H. A., & Nababan, M. (2016). Bandung City, Indonesia. Cities,50, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.09.005.
Timmer, P. (2004). Food security in Indonesia: Current challenges and the long-run outlook. Working paper N. 48. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/35741/2004_11_12.pdf. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
United Nations (UN). (2013). A new global partnership: Eradicate poverty and transform economies through sustainable development. The report of the high-level panel of eminent persons on the Post-2015 development agenda. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/8932013-05%20-%20HLP%20Report%20-%20A%20New%20Global%20Partnership.pdf. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
Usfar, A. A., Fahmida, U., & Februhartanty, J. (2007). Household food security status measured by the US-Household Food Security/Hunger Survey Module (US-FSSM) is in line with coping strategy indicators found in urban and rural Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16(2), 368–374. http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/16/2/368.pdf. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Velazco, J., & Ballester, R. (2016). Food access and shocks in rural households: Evidence from Bangladesh and Ethiopia. Social Indicator Research,129(2), 527–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1118-z.
Verhelst, N. D., & Glas, C. A. W. (1995) The one parameter logistic model. In: G. H. Fischer, I. W. Molenaar (Eds.), Rasch models. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4230-7_12.
Viana, R., Hromi-Fiedler, A., Segall-Correa, A. M., & Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2012). Household food insecurity in small municipalities in Northeastern Brazil: A validation study. Food Security,4(2), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-012-0181-4.
von Grebmer, K., Bernstein, J., Hossain, N., Brown, T., Prasai, N., Yohannes, Y., et al. (2017). 2017 Global Hunger Index: The Inequalities of Hunger. International Food Policy Research Institute. http://www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en/2017.pdf. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Webb, P., Coates, J., Frongillo, E. A., Rogers, B. I., Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2006). Measuring household food insecurity: Why it’s so important and yet so difficult to do. Journal of Nutrition,136(5), 1404S–1408S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.5.1404S.
Webb, P., Coates, J., Houser, R. (2001). Food insecurity measurement and validation study: A report on the formulation of the core food security module, and experiences in its implementation in Bangladesh. Report to Academy for Educational Development, Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project. Washington, DC, United States Agency for International Development.
Wismadi, A. J., Soemardjito, H., & Sutomo, H, (2013). Transport Situation in Jakarta. In I. Kutani (Ed.), Study on energy efficiency improvement in the transport sector through transport improvement and smart community development in the urban area. ERIA Research Project Report 2012–29, 29–58. http://www.eria.org/RPR_FY2012_No.29_Chapter_4.pdf. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
World Bank. (2012). PKH conditional cash transfer. World Bank, Jakarta. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26697. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
World Bank. (2017). Towards a comprehensive, integrated, and effective social assistance system in Indonesia. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/535721509957076661/pdf/120905-REVISED-PUBLIC-Screen-English-1211-update.pdf. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
Zhou, Y., & Staatz, J. (2016). Projected demand and supply for various foods in West Africa: Implications for investments and food policy. Food Policy,61, 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.04.002.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to express sincere appreciation for the support of The Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP). The authors would also like to thank all their colleagues and survey participants who have supported this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kharisma, V., Abe, N. Food Insecurity and Associated Socioeconomic Factors: Application of Rasch and Binary Logistic Models with Household Survey Data in Three Megacities in Indonesia. Soc Indic Res 148, 655–679 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02210-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02210-z