Abstract
Although homeownership is recognised as an important marker of immigrant integration in Canada, overall evidence suggests a declining trend in homeownership among immigrants in the last two decades. The factors scholars have focused on in their attempt to explain immigrant housing trajectories and overall homeownership trends tend to be dominated by immigrant characteristics and the circumstances prevailing in the housing market. This research extends this attempt at understanding immigrant housing trajectories by examining the influence of remittances. Using data from the longitudinal survey of immigrants in Canada we applied negative log–log regression modelling techniques to examine the influence of remittances on homeownership over time among recent immigrants in Canada. The results indicate that participation in remittance has negative consequences for homeownership over time. The findings make a case for the inclusion of immigrant transnational engagement in the attempt to explain immigrant integration.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamuti-Trache, M., Anisef, P., Sweet, R., & Walters, D. (2013). Enriching foreign qualifications through Canadian post-secondary education: Who participates and why? Journal of International Migration and Integration, 14(1), 139–156.
Asiedu, A. B., & Arku, G. (2009). The rise of gated housing estates in Ghana: Empirical insights from three communities in metropolitan Accra. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 24(3), 227–247.
Banerjee, R., & Phan, M. B. (2014). Do tied movers get tied down? The Occupational displacement of dependent applicant immigrants in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 16(2), 333–353.
Bebbington, A., & Kothari, U. (2006). Transnational development networks. Environment and Planning A, 38(5), 849–866.
Bunting, T., Walks, A. R., & Filion, P. (2004). The uneven geography of housing affordability stress in Canadian metropolitan areas. Housing Studies, 19(3), 361–393.
Buzdugan, R., & Halli, S. S. (2009). Labor market experiences of Canadian immigrants with focus on foreign education and experience. International Migration Review, 43, 366–386.
Cai, Q. (2003). Migrant remittances and family ties: A case study in China. International Journal of Population Geography, 9(6), 471–483.
Carter, T., Polveychok, C., & Osborne, J. (2009). The role of housing and neighbourhood in the resettlement process: A case study of refugee households in Winnipeg. The Canadian Geographer, 53(3), 305–322.
Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2009). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world (4th ed.). New York and London: Guilford Press.
Christou, A., & King, R. (2010). Imagining ‘home’: Diasporic landscapes of the Greek-German second generation. Geoforum, 41(4), 638–646.
D’Addario, S., Hiebert, D., & Sherrell, K. (2007). Restricted access: The role of social capital in mitigating absolute homelessness among immigrants and refugees in the GVRD. Refuge, 24(1), 107–115.
Dalton, T. (2009). Housing policy retrenchment: Australia and Canada compared. Urban Studies, 46(1), 63–91.
De Haas, H. (2006). Migration, remittances and regional development in Southern Morocco. Geoforum, 37(4), 565–580.
DeSilva, S., & Elmelech, Y. (2012). Housing inequality in the United States: Explaining the white-minority disparities in homeownership. Housing Studies, 27(1), 1–26.
DeSipio, L. (2011). Immigrant incorporation in an Era of Weak Civic Institutions: Immigrant civic and political participation in the United States. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(9), 1189–1213.
Diko, J., & Tipple, G. (1992). Migrants Build at home: Long distance housing development by Ghanaians in London. Cities, 9(4), 288–294.
Edmonston, B. (2004). Who owns? Homeownership trends for immigrants in Canada. Paper prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the Canadian Population Society. Winnipeg, June 1–5, 2004.
Enns, R. (2005). Immigrant households and homelessness. Canadian Issues, Spring, 127–130.
Erdal, M. B. (2012). ‘A Place to Stay in Pakistan’: Why Migrants build Houses in their Country of Origin. Population, Space and Place, 18(5), 629–641.
Faist, T. (2008). Migrants as transnational development agents: An inquiry into the newest round of the migration–development nexus. Population, Space and Place, 14(1), 21–42.
Fiedler, R., Schuurman, N., & Hyndman, J. (2006). Hidden homelessness: An indicator-based approach for examining the geographies of recent immigrants at-risk of homelessness in Greater Vancouver. Cities, 23(3), 205–216.
Ghosh, S. (2007). Transnational ties and intra-immigrant group settlement experiences: A case study of Indian Bengalis and Bangladeshis in Toronto. GeoJournal, 68(2–3), 233–242.
Glick Schiller, N. (2005). Transnational social fields and imperialism bringing a theory of power to transnational studies. Anthropological Theory, 5, 439–461.
Grant, R. (2007). Geographies of investment: how do the wealthy build new houses in Accra, Ghana? Urban Forum, 18(1), 31–59.
Green, D., & Green, A. G. (2004). The goals of Canada’s immigration policy: A historical perspective. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 13(1), 102–139.
Haan, M. (2005). The decline of the immigrant home-ownership advantage: Life-cycle, declining fortunes and changing housing careers in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, 1981–2001. Urban Studies, 42(12), 2191–2212.
Haan, M. (2007). The homeownership hierarchies of Canada and the United States: the housing patterns of white and non-white immigrants of the past thirty years. The International Migration Review, 41(2), 433–465.
Haan, M. (2012). The housing experiences of new Canadians: Insights from the longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada (LSIC). Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
Hackworth, J., & Moriah, A. (2006). Neoliberalism, contingency and urban policy: The case of social housing in Ontario. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(3), 510–527.
Hiebert, D. (2009). Newcomers in the Canadian housing market: A longitudinal study, 2001–2005. The Canadian Geographer, 53(3), 268–287.
Hiebert, D., & Mendez, P. (2008). Settling in: Newcomers in the Canadian housing market, 2001–2005. Vancouver, BC: Metropolis British Columbia, Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Diversity.
Holtmann, C., & Tramonte, L. (2014). Tracking the emotional cost of immigration: Ethno-religious differences and women’s mental health. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 15(4), 633–654.
Huettman, F., & Linke, J. (2003). Assessment of different link functions for modeling binary data to derive sound inferences and predictions. In V. Kumar, M. L. Gavrilova, C. J. K. Tan, & P. L’Ecuyer (Eds.), Computational Science and Its Applications (Vol. LNCS 2669, pp. 43–48). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Hulchanski, J. D. (1997). Immigrants and access to housing: How welcome are newcomers to Canada. Paper presented at the Metropolis Year II Conference—The Development of a Comparative Research Agenda, Montréal, November 23–26, 1997.
Kaida, L. (2013). Do host country education and language training help recent immigrants exit poverty? Social Science Research, 42(3), 726–741.
Kelly, P. F., Astorga-Garcia, M., & Esguerra, E. F. (2009). Explaining the deprofessionalized Filipino: Why Filipino immigrants get low-paying jobs in Toronto. CERIS-The Ontario Metropolis Centre.
Kelly, P., & Lusis, T. (2006). Migration and the transnational habitus: evidence from Canada and the Philippines. Environment and Planning A, 38(5), 831.
Kendig, H. L. (1990). A life course perspective on housing attainment. In D. Myers (Ed.), Housing Demography. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Ley, D. (2004). Transnational spaces and everyday lives. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29(2), 151–164.
Ley, D. (2011). Millionaire migrants: Trans-Pacific life lines. Malden, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Ley, D., & Hiebert, D. (2001). Immigration policy as population policy. Canadian Geographer, 45(1), 120–125.
Li, W. (2009). Chapter 2: Ethnoburb: An alternative ethnic settlement. Ethnoburb. pp. 29–52. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Li, W., & Teixeira, C. (2007). Introduction: immigrants and transnational experiences in world cities. GeoJournal, 68(2–3), 93–102.
Lianos, T. P., & Pseiridis, A. (2014). I trust, therefore I remit? An examination of the size and motivation of remittances. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(4), 528–543.
Mazzucato, V. (2005). Ghanaian migrants’ double engagement: A transnational view of development and integration policies. Global Migration Perspectives, 48, 1–17.
McGregor, J. (2014). Sentimentality or speculation? Diaspora investment, crisis economies and urban transformation. Geoforum, 56, 172–181.
Mendez, P. (2009). Immigrant residential geographies and the ‘spatial assimilation’ debate in Canada, 1997-2007. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 10(1), 89–108.
Mendez, P., Hiebert, D., & Wyly, E. (2006). Landing at home: Insights on immigration and metropolitan housing markets from the longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 15(2), 82–104.
Michelson, W. (1977). Environmental choice, human behavior, and residential satisfaction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Moore, E., & Skaburskis, A. (2004). Canada’s increasing housing affordability burdens. Housing Studies, 19, 395–413.
Murdie, R. A. (2002). The housing careers of Polish and Somali newcomers in Toronto’s rental market. Housing Studies, 17(3), 423–443.
Murdie, R. (2008). Pathways to housing: The experiences of sponsored refugees and refugee claimants in accessing permanent housing in Toronto. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 9, 81–101.
Murdie, R., Preston, V., Ghosh, S., & Chevalier, M. (2006). Immigrants and housing: A review of Canadian literature from 1990 to 2005. Ottawa: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
Myers, D., Megbolugbe, I., & Lee, S. (1998). Cohort estimation of homeownership attainment among native-born and immigrant populations. Journal of Housing Research, 9(2), 237–269.
Negi, N. J. (2011). Identifying psychosocial stressors of well-being and factors related to substance use among Latino day laborers. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 13(4), 748–755.
Obeng-Odoom, F. (2010). Urban real estate in Ghana: A study of housing-related remittances from Australia. Housing Studies, 25(3), 357–373.
Orellana-Damacela, L. E. (2012). Transnationalism, immigration stress and subjective well-being among Ecuadorian immigrants in London. Unpublished PhD thesis dissertation, University of Loyola Chicago.
Orozco, M. (2005). Diaspora, development and transnational integration: Ghanaians in the U.S., U.K. and Germany. Institute for the study of international migration and Inter-America Dialogue.
Osili, U. O. (2004). Migrants and housing investments: Theory and evidence from Nigeria. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(4), 821–849.
Pickles, A. R., & Davies, R. B. (1991). The empirical analysis of housing careers: A review and a general statistical modelling framework. Environment and Planning A, 23(4), 465–484.
Picot, G., Hou, F., & Coulombe, S. (2008). Poverty dynamics among recent immigrants to Canada1. International Migration Review, 42(2), 393–424.
Portes, A., Guarnizo, L. E., & Haller, W. J. (2002). Transnational entrepreneurs: An alternative form of immigrant economic adaptation. American Sociological Review, 67(2), 278–298.
Preston, V., Murdie, R., Wedlock, J., Agrawal, S., Anucha, U., D’Addario, S., et al. (2009). Immigrants and homelessness—at risk in Canada’s outer suburbs. Canadian Geographer, 53, 288–304.
Renaud, J., Begin, K., Ferreira, V., & Rose, D. (2006). The residential mobility of newcomers to Canada: The first months. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 15(2), 67–81.
Shooshtari, S., Harvey, C. D., Ferguson, E., Heinonen, T., & Khan, S. (2014). Effects of remittance behavior on the lives of recent immigrants to Canada from the Philippines: A population-based longitudinal study. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(1), 95–105.
Simone, D., & Newbold, K. B. (2014). Housing Trajectories across the Urban Hierarchy: Analysis of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, 2001–2005. Housing Studies (ahead-of-print), pp. 1–21.
Skaburskis, A., & Mok, D. (2000). The impact of withdrawing subsidies for new rental housing: Projections for Toronto and the rest of Ontario. Housing Studies, 15, 169–194.
Smith, L., & Mazzucato, V. (2009). Constructing homes, building relationships: Migrant investments in houses. The Royal Dutch Geographical Society, 100(5), 662–673.
Statistics Canada. (2005). Longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada, wave 3—User guide. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
Taylor, E. J. (1999). The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process. International Migration, 37(1), 63–88.
Teixeira, C. (2006). Housing experiences of black Africans in Toronto’s rental market: A case study of Angolan and Mozambican immigrants. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 38(3), 58.
Teixeira, C. (2007). Residential experiences and the culture of suburbanization: A case study of Portuguese homebuyers in Mississauga. Housing studies, 22(4), 495–521.
Teixeira, C. (2009). New immigrant settlement in a mid-sized city: A case study of housing barriers and coping strategies in Kelowna. British Columbia. Canadian Geographer, 53(3), 323–339.
Wayland, S. (2007). The housing needs of immigrants and refugees in Canada. A background paper for the Canadian Housing and Renewal Association.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kuuire, V.Z., Arku, G., Luginaah, I. et al. Impact of Remittance Behaviour on Immigrant Homeownership Trajectories: An Analysis of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants in Canada from 2001 to 2005. Soc Indic Res 127, 1135–1156 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1011-9
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1011-9