Skip to main content
Log in

Well-Being in Older Gays and Lesbians: A Comparison of Predictors

  • Published:
Social Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aims to examine the predictors of subjective well-being and their variations between older gays and older lesbians. Participants were 143 gays and 66 lesbians aged 56–80 who reside in Israel. Assessments included subjective well-being, hope, health, participation, activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADLs, environment and living conditions, and accessibility and availability of community services. In the fully-adjusted models, hope and health were the most potent predictors of subjective well-being, respectively, among gays and lesbians. Additional significant predictors, among gays, were community availability and accessibility and satisfaction with one’s environment and living conditions. Findings suggest that while primary predictors of subjective well-being are similar among gays and lesbians, communal and residential factors are unique significant contributors to the subjective well-being of gays. It may be that among older lesbians, but not among older gays, personal resources are more important contributors to subjective well-being in comparison to community-based resources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andrews, F. M., & Crandall, R. (1976). The validity of measures of self-reported well-being. Social Indicators Research, 3(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: Americans’ perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Araten-Bergman, T. (2007). Intentions to participate and social participation patterns among people with work-related disabilities. Haifa: University of Haifa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Averett, P., & Jenkins, C. (2012). Review of the literature on older lesbians: Implications for education, practice, and research. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 31(4), 537–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, L. A., Cahalin, L. P., Gerst, K., & Burr, J. A. (2005). Productive activities and subjective well-being among older adults: The influence of number of activities and time commitment. Social Indicators Research, 73(3), 431–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balsam, K. F., Beauchaine, T. P., Mickey, R. M., & Rothblum, E. D. (2005). Mental health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings: Effects of gender, sexual orientation, and family. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(3), 471–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beeler, J. A., Rawls, T. W., Herdt, G., & Cohler, B. J. (1999). The needs of older lesbians and gay men in Chicago. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 9(1), 31–49. doi:10.1300/J041v09n01_02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2008). Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle? Social Science and Medicine, 66(8), 1733–1749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bookman, A. (2008). Innovative models of aging in place: Transforming our communities for an aging population. Community, Work & Family, 11(4), 419–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan-Ing, M., Seidel, L., London, A. S., Cahill, S., & Karpiak, S. E. (2014). Service utilization among older adults with HIV: The joint association of sexual identity and gender. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(1), 166–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Bureau of Statistics. (2003). National health survey 2003–2004. Ministry of Health, Israel.

  • Central Bureau of Statistics. (2005). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS) Social Survey, Israel.

  • Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J. G., & Mays, V. M. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 53–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton Bronk, K., Hill, P. L., Lapsley, D. K., Talib, T. L., & Finch, H. (2009). Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 500–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cramm, J. M., van Dijk, H. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2013). The importance of neighborhood social cohesion and social capital for the well being of older adults in the community. The Gerontologist, 53(1), 142–152. doi:10.1093/geront/gns052.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, A., & King, A. (2014). Only connect? Older lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults and social capital. Ageing and Society, 34, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutcliffe, J. R., & Zinck, K. (2011). Hope maintenance in people living long-term with HIV/AIDS. Qualitative Research Journal, 11(1), 34–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dibble, S. L., Eliason, M. J., & Crawford, B. (2012). Correlates of wellbeing among African American lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(6), 820–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Emmons, R. (1985). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105–1117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fokkema, T., & Kuyper, L. (2009). The relation between social embeddedness and loneliness among older lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the Netherlands. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(2), 264–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Emlet, C. A., Kim, H.-J., Muraco, A., Erosheva, E. A., Goldsen, J., et al. (2013a). The physical and mental health of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual (LGB) older adults: The role of key health indicators and risk and protective factors. The Gerontologist, 53(4), 664–675. doi:10.1093/geront/gns123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H.-J., Barkan, S. E., Muraco, A., & Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2013b). Health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: Results from a population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 103, e1–e8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., & Muraco, A. (2010). Aging and sexual orientation: A 25-year review of the literature. Research on Aging, 32(3), 372–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, F. (1984). Social support networks and the health of elderly persons. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 20, 13–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, V., Allemand, M., & Grob, A. (2012). Neuroticism, extraversion, goals, and subjective well-being: Exploring the relations in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(3), 317–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding, P., Hurst, A., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2012). Psychological resilience in young and older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(3), 262–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, A. H., D’Augelli, A. R., & O’Connell, T. S. (2002). Being lesbian, gay, bisexual, and 60 or older in North America. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 13(4), 23–40. doi:10.1300/J041v13n04_05.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gwenwald, M. (1984). The SAGE model for serving older lesbians and gay men. Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality, 2(2–3), 53–61.

  • Haas, A. P., Eliason, M., Mays, V. M., Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., D’Augelli, A. R., et al. (2010). Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Review and recommendations. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 10–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heaphy, B., Yip, A. K., & Thompson, D. (2004). Ageing in a non-heterosexual context. Ageing and Society, 24(06), 881–902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, R. J., Rasmussen, L. A., & Hohman, M. M. (1999). The social support needs of older lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 9(1), 1–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. G., Rapport, L. J., Hanks, R. A., Lichtenberg, P. A., & Telmet, K. (2003). Cognitive and psychosocial predictors of subjective well-being in urban older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(1), 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, S., Downs, T. D., Cash, H. R., & Grotz, R. C. (1970). Progress in development of the index of ADL. The Gerontologist, 10(1), 20–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, M., McKeown, E., Warner, J., Ramsay, A., Johnson, K., Cort, C., et al. (2003). Mental health and quality of life of gay men and lesbians in England and Wales: Controlled, cross-sectional study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 183(6), 552–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., et al. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, M. P. (1984). The varieties of well-being. In C. Z. Malatesta & C. E. Izard (Eds.), Emotion in adult development (pp. 67–84). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Berndt, A., Morris, L. M., & Rose, S. (2001). An empirical analysis of stressors for gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 63–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litwak, E. (1985). Helping the elderly: The complementary roles of informal networks and formal systems. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 616–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luhtanen, R. K. (2003). Identity, stigma management, and well-being: A comparison of lesbians/bisexual women and gay/bisexual men. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7(1), 85–100. doi:10.1300/J155v07n01_06.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, A., Pitts, M., & Grierson, J. (2013). Growing old as a gay man: Psychosocial well-being of a sexual minority. Research on Aging, 35(3), 275–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magaletta, P. R., & Oliver, J. (1999). The hope construct, will, and ways: Their relations with self-efficacy, optimism, and general well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(5), 539–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marquez, D. X., Bustamante, E. E., Blissmer, B. J., & Prohaska, T. R. (2009). Health promotion for successful aging. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 3(1), 12–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masini, B. E., & Barrett, H. A. (2008). Social support as a predictor of psychological and physical well-being and lifestyle in lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults aged 50 and over. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 20(1–2), 91–110. doi:10.1080/10538720802179013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MetLife Mature Market Institute. (2010). Still out, still aging: The MetLife study of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender baby boomers, New York.

  • Moon, H. (2012). Productive activities and perceived well-being in an African American older adult urban sample. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 36(2), 107–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1333–1349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Organization on Disability. (2002). N.O.D./Harris surveys of community participation. New York: Harris Interactive.

  • Ní Mhaoláin, A. M., Gallagher, D., Connell, H. O., Chin, A., Bruce, I., Hamilton, F., et al. (2012). Subjective well-being amongst community-dwelling elders: What determines satisfaction with life? Findings from the Dublin Healthy Aging Study. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(02), 316–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norstrand, J. A., Glicksman, A., Lubben, J., & Kleban, M. (2012). The role of the social environment on physical and mental health of older adults. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 26(1–3), 290–307. doi:10.1080/02763893.2012.651382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, G. (2011). The relationship between hope, eustress, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction among undergraduates. Social Indicators Research, 101(1), 155–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orel, N. A. (2004). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual elders: Expressed needs and concerns across focus groups. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 43(2–3), 57–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 187–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagie, O. (2014). Predictors of well-being among older gays and lesbians. Social Indicators Research,. doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0608-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shenkman, G., & Shmotkin, D. (2013). The hostile-world scenario among Israeli homosexual adolescents and young adults. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(7), 1408–1417.

  • Slevin, K. F. (2008). Disciplining bodies: The aging experiences of older heterosexual and gay men. Generations, 32(1), 36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., Borchelt, M., Maier, H., & Jopp, D. (2002). Health and well-being in the young old and oldest old. Journal of Social Issues, 58(4), 715–732. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 321–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wight, R. G., LeBlanc, A. J., De Vries, B., & Detels, R. (2012). Stress and mental health among midlife and older gay-identified men. American Journal of Public Health, 102(3), 503–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1990). Composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI), Version 1.0. Geneva, WHO.

  • Yen, I. H., Shim, J. K., Martinez, A. D., & Barker, J. C. (2012). Older people and social connectedness: How place and activities keep people engaged. Journal of Aging Research, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/139523.

Download references

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Omer Sagie.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sagie, O. Well-Being in Older Gays and Lesbians: A Comparison of Predictors. Soc Indic Res 126, 395–409 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0894-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0894-9

Keywords

Navigation