Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Gender Research in Spanish Psychology: An Overview for International Readers

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the last decades, many political and socioeconomic transformations occurred in Western countries with a considerable impact on gender equality. In this special issue, we aim to show how these transformations can generate changes in gender research by presenting Spain as an example of remarkable growth in gender studies, following the intense societal advancement of the country toward gender equality policies. In particular, we examine the evolution of gender research in Spain analyzing the presence of Spanish gender research in international journals, national journals, book reviews, and conferences. This first volume also includes a presentation of several original studies covering three specific research areas: gender stereotypes, gender violence, and gender issues at work. Finally, we discuss how the unique socioeconomic scenario created in this country may serve for international readers and gender researchers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychological Association. (2011). PsycINFO journal coverage list. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/PsycINFO/coverage.aspx

  • Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & de la Rica, S. (2006). The role of segregation and pay structure on the gender wage gap: Evidence from matched employer-employee data for Spain. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 5, 1–34. doi:10.2202/1538-0645.1498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballarín, P., Gallego, M., & Martínez, I. (1995). Los estudios de las mujeres en las universidades españolas. [Women’s studies in Spanish universities]. Libro Blanco. Madrid: Instituto e la Mujer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barberá, E. (1998). Estereotipos de género: Construcción de las imágenes de las mujeres y los varones [Gender stereotypes: Construction of images of women and men]. In J. Fernández (Ed.) Género y Sociedad [Gender and Society]. (pp. 177–206) Madrid. Pirámide.

  • Barberá, E. (Ed.). (2000). Papeles del Psicólogo [Special issue]. February (75).

  • Barberá, E., & Cala, M. J. (2008). Perspectiva de género en la Psicología académica española. [Gender approach in the Spanish academic psychology]. Psicothema, 20, 236–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanco, A., & De la Corte, L. (2001). The Decade 1989–1998 in Spanish Psychology: An analysis of research in social psychology. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 4, 203–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch, E. (2000). [Special issue]. Psychosocial intervention, 9(1).

  • Cala, M. J., & Barberá, E. (2009). Evolución de la perspectiva de género en psicología [Evolution of gender perspective in psychology]. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 26, 91–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canto, J. M., Moreno, P., San Martín, J., Perles, F., Moscato, G., & Reyes, R. M. (2011). Celos y sexismo: Un estudio comparativo entre una muestra española y una muestra cubana. [Jealousy and sexism: A comparative study between a Spanish and a Cuban sample]. Revista de Psicología Social, 26, 33–43. doi:10.1174/021347411794078480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuadrado, I. (2003). ¿Emplean hombres y mujeres diferentes estilos de liderazgo? Análisis de la influencia de los estilos de liderazgo en el acceso a los puestos de dirección [Do men and women use different leadership styles? Analysis of the influence of leadership styles on access to leadership positions]. Revista de Psicología Social, 18, 283–307. doi:10.1174/021347403322470864.

  • Cuadrado, I. (2004). Valores y rasgos estereotípicos de género de mujeres líderes [Securities and stereotypical gender traits of women leaders]. Psicothema, 16, 279–284.

  • Cuadrado, I., Morales, J. F. & Recio, P. (2008). Women’ access to managerial position: An experimental study about leadership styles and gender. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 55–65.

  • de la Rica, S. & Iza, A. (2005). Career planning in Spain: Do fixed-term contracts delay marriage and parenthood? Review of Economics of the Household, 3, 49–73. doi:10.1007/s11150-004-0979-8.

  • de Lemus, S., Moya, M. C., Lupiáñez, J., & Bukowsi, M. (2013). Men in the office, women in the kitchen? Contextual dependency of gender stereotype activation in Spanish women. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0328-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Torres, I., & Torres, D. (2005). Tesis doctorales sobre estudios de las mujeres en España (1976–2002). A propósito de un indicador definitivo en investigación [Doctoral thesis on women's studies in Spain (1976–2002) About a definitive indicator research]. Revista Española de Documentación Científica, 28, 479–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz, A., & Sellami, K. (2013). Traits and roles in gender stereotypes: A comparison between Moroccan and spanish native samples. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0335-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1171–1188. doi:10.1177/0146167200262001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diekman, A. B., Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A., & Ferreira, M. C. (2005). Dynamic stereotypes about women and men in Latin America and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 209–226. doi:10.1177/0022022104272902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolado, J. J., Felgueroso, F., & Jimeno, J. F. (2004). Where do women work?: Analysis patterns of occupational segregation by gender. Annales d’Economie et de. Statistique, 71–72, 293–315.

  • Dolado, J. J., de la Rica, S., & Llorens, V. (2008). Ceilings or floors?: Gender wage gaps by education in Spain. Journal of Population Economics, 21, 751–776. doi:10.1007/s00148-006-0128-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573–598. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Sczesny, S. (2009). Stereotypes about women, men, and leaders: Have times changed? In M. Barreto, M. K. Ryan, & M. T. Schmitt (Eds.), The glass ceiling in the 21st century: understanding barriers to gender equality (pp. 21–47). Washington, DC: APA Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., Eaton, A., Rose, S. M., Riger, S., & McHugh, M. C. (2012). Feminism and psychology: Analysis of a half-century of research on women and gender. American Psychologist, 67, 211–230. doi:10.1037/a0027260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eckes, T. (2002). Paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes: Testing predictions from the stereotype content model. Sex Roles, 47, 99–114. doi:10.1023/A:1021020920715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elgoibar, P., Munduate, L., Medina, F. J., & Euwema, M. C. (2014). Do women accommodate more than men? Gender differences in negotiation behavior and perceived social support by Spanish and Dutch worker representatives. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0378-4.

  • Expósito, F., Herrera, M. C., Moya, M., & Glick, P. (2010). Don’t rock the boat: Women’s benevolent sexism predicts fears of marital violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 36–42. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01539.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estudios de Psicología (1987). Dedicado a: Sexo y Género [Devoted to Sex and Gender]. [Special issue]. Estudios de Psicología, (32).

  • Fernández, J. (1998). Género y Sociedad [Gender and Society]. Madrid: Pirámide.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, C., Sevilla Sanz, A., & Giménez Nadal, I. (2009). Gender roles and the household division of unpaid work: Evidence from the Spanish Time Use Survey. Retrieved from http://asesec.org/cosme/files/workshop_2009/Fernandez_Sevilla_Gimenez.pdf

  • Ferrer-Perez, M. V., & Bosch-Fiol, E. (2013). Gender violence as a social problem in Spain: Attitudes and acceptability. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0322-z.

  • Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.878.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garaigordobil, M., & Aliri, J. (2011). Conexión intergeneracional del sexismo: Influencia de variables familiares [Intergenerational connection of sexism: The influence of family variables]. Psicothema, 23, 382–387.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Retamero, R., Müller, S., & Lopez-Zafra, E. (2011). The malleability of gender stereotypes: Influence of population size on perceptions of men and women in the past, present, and future. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151, 635–656. doi:10.1080/00224545.2010.522616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gartzia, L. (2011). The Gendered nature of (male) leadership: Expressive identity salience and cooperation. Best paper proceedings of the Academy of Management, 1, 1–6. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2011.65870473.

  • Gartzia, L., & van Engen, M. (2012). Are (male) leaders “feminine” enough? Gender traits of identity as mediators of sex differences in leadership styles. Gender in Management, 27, 295–314. doi:10.1108/17542411211252624.

  • Gartzia, L., Ryan, M., Balluerka, N. & Aritzeta, A. (2012). Think crisis – Think female: Further evidence. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21, 603–628. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2011.591572.

  • Garzón, A., & Dillehay, R. C. (2010). Political Psychology in Spain. Les Cahiers de Psychologie politique, 17, July. Retrieved from http://www.uv.es/garzon/adela/publicaciones/Political%20Psychology%20in%20Spain.pdf

  • Gaviria, E., Lopez-Saez, M. & Cuadrado, I. (Ed.) (2013). Introducción a la psicología social [Introduction to social psychology]. Madrid. Sanz y Torres.

  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: Measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 119–135. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00104.x.

  • Gunda Werner Institute (2014). Gender-political situation in Spain. Retrieved from http://www.gwi-boell.de/web/eu-countries-comparison-gender-politics-country-comparison-spain-4330.html

  • Hausmann, R., Tyson, L. D., & Zahidi, S. (2011). The global gender gap report 2010. Geneva: World Economic Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Bark, A. S., Escartín, J., & van Dick, R. (2014). Gender and leadership in Spain: A systematic review of some key aspects. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0375-7.

  • Herrera, M. C., Expósito, F., Moya, M., & Houston, D. M. (2012). “Having it all”: Women’s perception of impact of female promotion on threat of domestic violence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 670–679. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38878.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, M. A., & Vaughan, G. M. (2011). Social psychology (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2011). Mujeres y hombres en España 2011 [Women and men in Spain 2011]. Retrieved from http://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?c=INEPublicacion_C&p=1254735110672&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout&cid=1259924822888&L=0

  • Jiménez-Contreras, E., Moya-Anegón, F. D., & Delgado, E. (2003). The evolution of research activity in Spain: The impact of the national commission for the evaluation of research activity (CNEAI). Research Policy, 32, 123–142. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00008-2.

  • Katz, P. A. (1975). Sex Roles: A Journal of Research. Sex Roles, 1, 1–2. doi:10.1007/BF00287208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keener, E., Strough, J., & DiDonato, L. (2012). Gender differences and similarities in strategies for managing conflict with friends and romantic partners. Sex Roles, 67, 83–97. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0131-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larumbe, M. A. (2007). Os estudos de xénero na universidade española: O zume da nova academia [Gender studies in Spanish universities: The juice of the new academy]. In M. J. Fariña Busto, P. Mayobre Rodríguez, & B. Suárez Briones (Eds.), O reto da igualdade: Feminismo, xénero, universidade (pp. 101–122). Vigo: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidade Vigo.

  • Lewis, J. (2009). Work–family balance, gender and policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ley de Reforma Universitaria [University Reform Law] (1983). Ley Orgánica 11/83 de Reforma Universitaria. Retrieved from http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1983/09/01/pdfs/A24034-24042.pdf.

  • Lila, M. (Ed.). (2010). Violencia de Pareja contra la Mujer [Partner violence against women] [Special issue]. Psychosocial intervention, 19(2).

  • Lila, M. (2013). La intervención con hombres condenados por violencia de pareja contra la mujer en España: Investigación y avances en intervención [Intervention with men convicted of intimate partner violence against women in Spain: Advances in Research and Intervention] [Special issue]. Psychosocial Intervention, 22, 81–85. doi:10.5093/in2013a10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • López-Sáez, M., Morales, J. F., & Lisbona, A. (2008). Evolution of gender stereotypes in Spain: Traits and roles. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11, 609–617.

  • Lopez- Zafra, E., & Garcia-Retamero, R. (2012). Do gender stereotypes change? The dynamic of gender stereotypes in Spain. Journal of Gender Studies, 21, 191–205. doi:10.1080/09589236.2012.661580.

  • Lopez Zafra, E., Garcia-Retamero, R., Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2008). Dinámica de estereotipos de género y poder: Un estudio transcultural [The dynamic of gender stereotypes and power: A cross-cultural study]. Revista de Psicología Social, 23, 213–219. doi:10.1174/021347408784135788.

  • Lopez-Zafra, E. (2007). Elaboración de una escala para medir Cultura del Honor [Development of a scale to measure Culture of Honor]. Revista de Psicología Social, 22(1), 31–42. doi:10.1174/021347407779697520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Zafra, E. (2008). Relación entre Cultura del Honor e Identidad de género: El papel del sexo, edad y nivel de estudios en la predisposición a la violencia [Relationship between Culture of Honor and Gender Identity: The role of sex, age and educational level in the predisposition to violence]. Estudios de Psicología, 29(2), 209–220. doi:10.1174/021093908784485101.

  • Lopez-Zafra, E., & Garcia-Retamero, R. (2011). The impact of nontraditionalism on the malleability of gender stereotypes in Spain and Germany. International Journal of Psychology, 46, 249–258. doi:10.1080/00207594.2010.551123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Zafra, E., & Gartzia, L. (2014). Perceptions of gender differences in self-report measures of emotional intelligence. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0368-6.

  • Marques-Fagundes, A.L., López-Mejías, J.L., García-García, D.M. & Petkanopoulou, K. (2014). Ambivalent sexism and egalitarian ideology in the perception of psychological abuse and (un) vulnerability to violence. Revista de Psicología Social.

  • Martinez, I., & Barberá, E. (2004). Psicología y Género [Psychology and Gender]. Madrid: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean, R. (2006, May 4). In Spain, the 40% solution. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/04/world/europe/04iht-spain.html

  • McSmith, A. (2008, April 16). Closing the gender gap: Why women now reign in Spain. The Independent . Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/closing-the-gender-gap-why-women-now-reign-in-spain-809619.html

  • Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. (2014). Oferta de plazas en Grado de Psicología 2013/2014 [Provision of university places Psychology Degree 2013/2014]. Retrieved from https://www.educacion.gob.es/notasdecorte/busquedaDo?codTipoEstudio=GRADO&textTitula=&__multiselect_codigosUniversidades=&nomTipoAcceso=Universidad&action:busquedaSimp

  • Morales, J. F. & Cuadrado, M. I. (2004). La Psicología y el acceso de la mujer a la función directiva [Psychology and Women Access to managerial roles] [Special issue]. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 57(2)

  • Morcillo, A. G. (2000). True Catholic womanhood: Gender ideology in Franco’s Spain. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moya, M. C. (Ed.). (2002). Dedicado a: Psicología y género [Dedicated to: Psychology and Gender] [Special issue]. Revista de Psicología Social, 17(2).

  • Organic Law Against gender violence (2004). Ley Orgánica 1/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género. Retrieved from http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2004/12/29/pdfs/A42166-42197.pdf

  • Organic Law for Effective Equality between Men and Women (2007). Ley Orgánica 3/2007, de 22 de marzo, para la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres, Boletín Oficial del Estado, Viernes 23 de Marzo, 2007 pp 12611–12645. Retrieved from http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/03/23/pdfs/A12611-12645.pdf

  • Papeles del Psicólogo. (2004). Intervenciones Psicológicas en violencia de género [Psychological Interventions in Gender Violence] [Special issue]. Papeles del Psicólogo, May-August(88).

  • Peiró, J. M., & Munduate, L. (1999). Psicología del trabajo y de las organizaciones en España en la década de los noventa [Psychology of work and organizations in Spain in the nineties]. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 52, 371–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revista de Psicología Social. (1993). [Special issue]. Revista de Psicología Social, 8(2).

  • Ridgeway, C. L. (2006). Gender as an organizing force in social relations: Implications for the future of inequality. In F. D. Blau, M. C. Brinton, & D. B. Grusky (Eds.), The declining significance of gender? (pp. 265–287). New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez, M. L. (2013, June). Effects of the economic crisis on gender equality: The spanish case. Lecture conducted from Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved from http://www.upf.edu/gredtiss/_pdf/2013-LLRNConf_Rodriguez.pdf.

  • Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M. (2011). Masculine and feminine honor codes. Revista de Psicología Social, 26, 63–72. doi:10.1174/021347411794078449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sastre, G. (2003). [Special issue]. Anuario de Psicología, 34(2).

  • Sau, V. (1974). Manifiesto para la liberación de la mujer [Manifesto for the liberation of women]. Barcelona: Ediciones 29

  • Sau, V. (1976). Mujer, matrimonio y esclavitud [Women, marriage and slavery]. Madrid: Júcar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sau, V. (1981). Diccionario ideológico feminist [Feminist thesaurus]. Barcelona: Icaria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, S. A. (2002). Speaking from the heart: Gender and the social meaning of emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Swann, W. B., Langlois, J. H., & Gilbert, L. A. (1999). Introduction. In W. B. Swann, J. H. Langlois, & L. A. Gilbert (Eds.), Sexism and stereotypes in modern society (pp. 3–7). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valiente, C. (2002). An overview of research on gender in Spanish society. Gender & Society, 16, 767–792. doi:10.1177/089124302237887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valiente, C. (2003). The feminist movement and the reconfigured state in Spain (1970s-2000). In A. L. Banaszak, K. Beckwith, & D. Rucht (Eds.), Women’s movements facing the reconfigured state (pp. 30–47). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valiente, C. (2006). El feminismo de estado en España: El Instituto de la Mujer (1983–2003) [State feminism in Spain: The Institute for Women (1983–2003)] Valencia. Spain: Institut d’Estudis Universitaris de la Dona.

  • Valiente, C. (2011). Exchange of good practices on gender equality: Gender mainstreaming in Spain. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission of Justice. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/exchange_of_good_practice_be/es_comments_paper_en.pdf

  • Valor-Segura, I., Expósito, F., & Moya, M. (2011). Victim blaming and exoneration of the perpetrator in domestic violence: The role of beliefs in a just world and ambivalent sexism. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14, 195–206. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n1.17.

  • Valor-Segur, I., Expósito, F. & Moya, M. (2014). Gender, dependency and guilt in intimate relationship conflict among Spanish couples. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0351-2.

  • Wilde, A., & Diekman, A. B. (2005). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in dynamic stereotypes: A comparison between Germany and the United States. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 188–196. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00181.x

  • Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2010). Gender. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, 5th ed., pp. 629–667). New York: Wiley.

  • Worchel, S., Cooper, J., Goethatls, J., & Olson, J. M. (2003). Psicología Social [Social Psychology]. Madrid: Thomson.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are deeply in debt with Dr. Alice H. Eagly for her inspiration and support to our research and specifically to her time in elaborating the conclusions to this special issue; and to Dr. Irene Frieze for her impressive work and the dedication to Sex Roles, her comments and help have improved greatly the manuscripts presented.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Esther Lopez-Zafra.

Additional information

The two authors contributed equally to this work.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gartzia, L., Lopez-Zafra, E. Gender Research in Spanish Psychology: An Overview for International Readers. Sex Roles 70, 445–456 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0380-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0380-x

Keywords

Navigation