Abstract
Photocatalytic technology, as one of the most promising environmental remediation tools, has a wide range of applications in the field of removing antibiotic-based pollutants from wastewater. Therefore, to obtain efficient green and inexpensive photocatalysts, a p–n type Bi2MoO6/CuS composite photocatalyst modified by lignin carbon quantum dots (CQDs) was successfully prepared by solvothermal in situ co-precipitation in this study. It was used to achieve efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracyclic hydrochloride antibiotics (TCH). The composites were systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, TEM, EIS, nitrogen adsorption–desorption test, and UV–Vis DRS regarding crystal structure, microscopic morphology, and photoelectric properties. The results showed that the prepared samples had good crystallinity and high purity. The photocatalytic degradation experiments further demonstrated that the Bi2MoO6/CuS composites modified by CQDs exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity compared to Bi2MoO6 and CuS monomers wherein CQDs@Bi2MoO6/CuS 2 was the most effective, with a TCH removal of 96.98% and a degradation rate constant (K) of 0.04405 min−1 after 60 min of light exposure. The TCH removal could be maintained at 78.25% after four cycles. The ESR and LC–MS experiments demonstrated that h+ and ·O2− were the main active substances for photocatalytic degradation of TCH. This work provides an efficient catalyst for TCH removal and offers new ideas for applying p–n heterojunction composites in photocatalysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
References
Y. Shi, J. Li, D. Wan, J. Huang, Y. Liu, Sci. Total. Environ. 749, 142313 (2020)
Q. Liao, H. Rong, M. Zhao, H. Luo, Z. Chu, R. Wang, Sci. Total. Environ. 757, 143981 (2021)
M. Ahmadi, H. Ramezani Motlagh, N. Jaafarzadeh, A. Mostoufi, R. Saeedi, G. Barzegar, S. Jorfi, J. Environ. Manag. 186, 55 (2017)
B.H. Graimed, Z.H. Jabbar, M.M. Alsunbuli, S.H. Ammar, S.A. Hamood, A.G. Taher, D.A. Sabit, J. Water Process Eng. 54, 104059 (2023)
Z.H. Jabbar, B.H. Graimed, A.A. Okab, S.H. Ammar, A.A. Najim, A.Y. Radeef, A.G. Taher, Diam. Relat. Mater. 142, 110817 (2024)
A.A. Okab, Z.H. Jabbar, B.H. Graimed, A.I. Alwared, S.H. Ammar, M.A. Hussein, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 158, 111503 (2023)
P. Dhull, A. Sudhaik, V. Sharma, P. Raizada, V. Hasija, N. Gupta, T. Ahamad, V.-H. Nguyen, A. Kim, M. Shokouhimehr, S.Y. Kim, Q.V. Le, P. Singh, Mol. Catal. 539, 113013 (2023)
A.S. Soares, F.P. Araujo, J.A. Osajima, Y. Guerra, B.C. Viana, R. Peña-Garcia, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem. 447, 115235 (2024)
H. Liu, W. Huo, T.C. Zhang, L. Ouyang, S. Yuan, Mater. Today Chem. 23, 100729 (2022)
B. Yan, J. Peng, F. Deng, L. Liu, X. Li, P. Shao, J. Zou, S. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Luo, Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139353 (2023)
Z. Dai, F. Qin, H. Zhao, J. Ding, Y. Liu, R. Chen, ACS Catal. 6, 3180 (2016)
Z. Lin, J. Xu, H. Gu, J. Huang, J. Lin, J. Shao, D. Wang, H. Li, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11, 110911 (2023)
X. Wu, C.Y. Toe, C. Su, Y.H. Ng, R. Amal, J. Scott, J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 15302 (2020)
Y. Luo, A. Zheng, M. Xue, Y. Xie, S. Yu, Z. Yin, C. Xie, Z. Hong, W. Tan, W. Zou, L. Dong, B. Gao, Ind. Crops Prod. 186, 115229 (2022)
S. Mishra, L. Acharya, B. Marandi, K. Sanjay, R. Acharya, Diam. Relat. Mater. 142, 110834 (2024)
W. Mao, L. Zhang, T. Wang, Y. Bai, Y. Guan, Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 15, 52 (2021)
M. Swedha, S. Balasurya, A. Syed, A. Das, S. Sudheer Khan, J. Mol. Liq. 353, 118745 (2022)
T. Ge, Z. Jiang, L. Shen, J. Li, Z. Lu, Y. Zhang, F. Wang, Sep. Purif. Technol. 263, 118401 (2021)
S. Balasurya, A. Das, A.A. Alyousef, A. Alqasim, N. Almutairi, S. Sudheer Khan, J. Mol. Liq. 337, 116350 (2021)
J. Liu, G. Wang, B. Li, X. Ma, Y. Hu, H. Cheng, Sci. Total. Environ. 784, 147227 (2021)
L. Han, B. Li, H. Wen, Y. Guo, Z. Lin, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 70, 176 (2021)
H. Yu, Z. He, Y. Zhang, L.S. Ng, J. Ni, F. Guo, J. Hu, H.K. Lee, J. Han, Chem. Eng. J. 481, 148350 (2024)
C. Liu, X. He, Y. Fan, J. Li, X. He, M. Chen, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 10, 108302 (2022)
L. Hao, P. Ju, Y. Zhang, C. Sun, K. Dou, D. Liao, X. Zhai, Z. Lu, Sep. Purif. Technol. 298, 121666 (2022)
Z. Li, R. Zheng, S. Dai, T. Zhao, M. Chen, Q. Zhang, J. Alloys Compd. 882, 160681 (2021)
S. Chang, H. Gu, H. Zhang, X. Wang, Q. Li, Y. Cui, W.-L. Dai, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 644, 304 (2023)
Y. Ding, Y. Chen, Z. Guan, Y. Zhao, J. Lin, Y. Jiao, G. Tian, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 14, 7888 (2022)
X.-L. Luo, Y.-X. Yang, Z.-L. Wang, S.-Y. Yang, Y.-H. Xu, Mater. Res. Bull. 156, 111985 (2022)
D. Xu, F. Sun, F. Liu, H. Shao, W. He, L. Wang, Q. Ma, W. Yu, H. Yu, X. Dong, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 12, 111952 (2024)
S. M. Roopan, S.H. Prakash, R. Manjupriya, M.S.H.F. Afridha, A. Rajesh, R. Sneha, P.V. Kumar, M. Shobika, Biomass Convers. Biorefin. (2024)
Y. Chen, X. Bai, Catalysts 10, 142 (2020)
Y. Zhong, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 639, 158254 (2023)
H. Zhang, X. Gong, Z. Song, S. Zhang, W. Du, T.T. Nguyen, M. Guo, X. Gao, Opt. Mater. 113, 110865 (2021)
Y. Cui, X. Huang, T. Wang, L. Jia, Q. Nie, Z. Tan, H. Yu, Carbon 191, 502 (2022)
M. Han, S. Zhu, S. Lu, Y. Song, T. Feng, S. Tao, J. Liu, B. Yang, Nano Today 19, 201 (2018)
S. Gong, W. Zhang, Z. Liang, Y. Zhang, T. Gan, H. Hu, Z. Huang, Chem. Eng. J. 461, 141947 (2023)
J. Li, H. Wang, N. Reddy, Z. Zhu, J. Zheng, W. Wang, B. Liu, C. Hu, Sci. Total. Environ. 858, 159795 (2023)
S. Luo, Z. Pang, N. Ding, H. Liu, Res. Chem. Intermed. 49, 5517 (2023)
W. Dai, J. Yu, H. Xu, X. Hu, X. Luo, L. Yang, X. Tu, CrystEngComm 18, 3472 (2016)
Z. Zhang, X. Zeng, L. Wen, S. Liao, S. Wu, Y. Zeng, R. Zhou, S. Shan, Fuel 331, 125900 (2023)
V.V. Sre, M.K. Okla, B. Janani, M.A. Abdel-Maksoud, S.S. Al-Amri, I.A. Alaraidh, A.A. Alatar, S.S. Khan, J. Water Process Eng. 59, 104957 (2024)
V. Dutta, S. Sonu, P. Raizada, V.K. Thakur, T. Ahamad, S. Thakur, P. Kumar Verma, H.H.P. Quang, V.-H. Nguyen, P. Singh, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 30, 124530 (2022)
L. Sruthi, M.K. Okla, B. Janani, M.A. Abdel-Maksoud, I.A. Saleh, H.A. Abu-Harirah, S.S. Khan, J. Clean. Prod. 434, 139936 (2024)
S. Li, N. Hasan, F. Zhang, J.-S. Bae, C. Liu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 652, 1533 (2023)
Z. Sun, X. Yang, X.-F. Yu, L. Xia, Y. Peng, Z. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Cheng, K. Zhang, J. Yu, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 285, 119790 (2021)
I. Nancucheo, A. Segura, P. Hernández, C. Canales, N. Benito, A. Arranz, M. Romero-Sáez, G. Recio-Sánchez, Sci. Total. Environ. 902, 166194 (2023)
P.J. Mafa, M.E. Malefane, F. Opoku, B.B. Mamba, A.T. Kuvarega, Chem. Eng. J. 464, 142462 (2023)
Z. Chen, T. Ma, Z. Li, W. Zhu, L. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 179, 198 (2024)
Y. Wan, S. Du, C. Lu, K. Ren, B. Shi, S. Liu, C. Li, W. Dou, P. Fang, N. Ye, J. Alloys Compd. 871, 159461 (2021)
S. Wongthep, P. Pluengphon, D. Tantraviwat, W. Panchan, S. Boochakiat, K. Jarusuphakornkul, Q. Wu, J. Chen, B. Inceesungvorn, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 655, 32 (2024)
Z.-C. Zhao, K. Wang, L. Chang, R.-Q. Yan, J. Zhang, M. Zhang, L. Wang, W. Chen, G.-B. Huang, Sol. Energy 264, 112042 (2023)
K. Zhao, Z. Zhang, Y. Feng, S. Lin, H. Li, X. Gao, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 268, 118740 (2020)
T. Chankhanittha, S. Nanan, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 582, 412 (2021)
Z.H. Jabbar, B.H. Graimed, H. Hamzah Najm, S.H. Ammar, A.G. Taher, J. Environ. Manag. 348, 119302 (2023)
J. Di, J. Xia, Y. Ge, H. Li, H. Ji, H. Xu, Q. Zhang, H. Li, M. Li, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 168–169, 51 (2015)
J. Wang, C. Zhao, S. Yuan, X. Li, J. Zhang, X. Hu, H. Lin, Y. Wu, Y. He, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 638, 427 (2023)
M. Cai, Y. Liu, C. Wang, W. Lin, S. Li, Sep. Purif. Technol. 304, 122401 (2023)
F. Mu, C. Liu, Y. Xie, S. Zhou, B. Dai, D. Xia, H. Huang, W. Zhao, C. Sun, Y. Kong, D.Y.C. Leung, Chem. Eng. J. 415, 129010 (2021)
X. Jiang, S. Chen, X. Zhang, L. Qu, H. Qi, B. Wang, B. Xu, Z. Huang, Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 6, 9 (2023)
D. Shi, Z. Shi, L. Zhang, Y. Cao, J. Power. Sources 547, 231990 (2022)
Y. Wang, F. Jiang, J. Chen, X. Sun, T. Xian, H. Yang, Nanomaterials 10, 178 (2020)
C. Yu, Z. Wu, R. Liu, D.D. Dionysiou, K. Yang, C. Wang, H. Liu, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 209, 1 (2017)
H. Yu, D. Ge, Y. Wang, S. Zhu, X. Wang, M. Huo, Y. Lu, J. Alloys Compd. 786, 155 (2019)
C. Lai, M. Zhang, B. Li, D. Huang, G. Zeng, L. Qin, X. Liu, H. Yi, M. Cheng, L. Li, Z. Chen, L. Chen, Chem. Eng. J. 358, 891 (2019)
Y. Wang, M. Wang, J. Liu, L. Wang, H. Pang, Y. Su, J. Pan, Z. Xue, Y. Peng, Inorg. Chem. 62, 9158 (2023)
S. Zhao, F. Chen, Y. Song, J. Hua, R. Wu, J. Yang, Y. Tang, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11, 109262 (2023)
B. Harikumar, V. Subhiksha, M.K. Okla, M.A. Abdel-maksoud, M.A. El-Tayeb, A.A. Alatar, S.S. Al-amri, Y.B. Elbadawi, P.R. Sivaranjani, S.S. Khan, J. Alloys Compd. 986, 174017 (2024)
X. Hao, Z. Hu, D. Xiang, Z. Jin, Mol. Catal. 528, 112417 (2022)
K.G. Motora, C.-M. Wu, S.-T. Lin, J. Water Process Eng. 52, 103586 (2023)
Y. Ma, J. Li, J. Cai, L. Zhong, Y. Lang, Q. Ma, Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 653, 130027 (2022)
P.J. Mafa, R. Patala, B.B. Mamba, D. Liu, J. Gui, A.T. Kuvarega, Chem. Eng. J. 393, 124804 (2020)
D. Wang, F. Jia, H. Wang, F. Chen, Y. Fang, W. Dong, G. Zeng, X. Li, Q. Yang, X. Yuan, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 519, 273 (2018)
G.H. Safari, M. Hoseini, M. Seyedsalehi, H. Kamani, J. Jaafari, A.H. Mahvi, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12, 603 (2015)
X. Zhang, T. Cai, S. Zhang, J. Hou, L. Cheng, W. Chen, Q. Zhang, J. Hazard. Mater. 463, 132862 (2024)
Z. Hu, Y. Wang, L. Wang, Q. Wang, Q. Zhang, F. Cui, G. Jiang, Chem. Eng. J. 479, 147534 (2024)
H. Fu, Y. Deng, Z. Cai, Y. Pan, L. Yang, T. Fujita, N. Wang, Y. Wang, X. Wang, J. Hazard. Mater. 463, 132820 (2024)
H. Wu, H. Xie, G. He, Y. Guan, Y. Zhang, Appl. Clay Sci. 119, 161 (2016)
G. Zhang, T. Ge, Y. Zhang, E. Zhang, H. Ma, J. Hou, Powder Technol. 436, 119480 (2024)
L. Sruthi, V. Subhiksha, T.A. Alahmadi, M.J. Ansari, B. Janani, S.S. Khan, J. Alloys Compd. 986, 174019 (2024)
V. Subhiksha, M.K. Okla, P.R. Sivaranjani, M.A. Abdel-maksoud, A.A. Alatar, S.S. Al-amri, I.A. Alaraidh, S.S. Khan, J. Environ. Manag. 354, 120451 (2024)
A. Kumar, P. Singh, V.-H. Nguyen, Q. Van Le, T. Ahamad, S. Thakur, L. Huong Nguyen, P. Raizada, Chem. Eng. J. 474, 145720 (2023)
S. Li, R. Yan, M. Cai, W. Jiang, M. Zhang, X. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 164, 59 (2023)
T. Wang, A. Kumar, X. Wang, D. Zhang, Y. Zheng, G. Wang, Q. Cui, J. Cai, J. Zheng, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 30, 30493 (2022)
P.J. Mafa, M.E. Malefane, F. Opoku, A. Sacko, A.O. Oladipo, S.L. Lebelo, D. Liu, J. Gui, B.B. Mamba, A.T. Kuvarega, J. Clean. Prod. 429, 139519 (2023)
P.J. Mafa, A.T. Kuvarega, B.B. Mamba, B. Ntsendwana, Appl. Surf. Sci. 483, 506 (2019)
Z. Du, L. Feng, Z. Guo, T. Yan, Q. Hu, J. Lin, Y. Huang, C. Tang, Y. Fang, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 589, 545 (2021)
S. Jing, H. Wang, A. Wang, R. Cheng, H. Liang, F. Chen, A. Brouzgou, P. Tsiakaras, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 655, 120 (2024)
Y. Zeng, N. Guo, H. Li, Q. Wang, X. Xu, Y. Yu, X. Han, H. Yu, Sci. Total. Environ. 659, 20 (2019)
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. 22278099).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
XD was involved in draft and experiment. PXL helped to analyze data and construction. YH helped to propose method—methodology. ZYB checked and revised the article. YCL was involved in checking and revising the article, financial support, and supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval
This statement does not apply.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, D., Yu, C., Peng, X. et al. CQDs modified Bi2MoO6/CuS p–n heterojunction photocatalytic efficient degradation of tetracycline. Res Chem Intermed (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-024-05293-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-024-05293-7