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Synthesis, characterization, and use of an amine-functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 for the removal of Congo Red from aqueous media

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Abstract

In this study, SBA-15 was synthesized and functionalized with [3-(N,N-dimethylamino)-propyl] trimethoxysilane (AF-SBA-15) using a post-grafting method and evaluated for use in the removal of an anionic synthetic dye (Congo Red, CR) from aqueous media. The synthesized mesoporous materials were characterized by small-angle XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, FT-IR, and SEM techniques. The ordered hexagonal structure of pure SBA-15 and amine-functionalized SBA-15 (AF-SBA-15) was confirmed by small-angle XRD analysis; surface area, pore size, and pore diameter were determined by nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis. Kinetics showed that the process reached equilibrium after 90 min; adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Maximum efficiency was obtained at the unadjusted pH (8.8) of the aqueous media, and the efficiency was negatively affected by CR concentration, but increased with dose and temperature. While pure SBA-15 could not adsorb CR, the highest adsorption capacity and efficiency obtained with AF-SBA-15 were calculated to be 186.41 mg/g and 95.3%, respectively. The data were successfully fitted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R2 > 0.99), and consistently, thermodynamics signified possible physico-chemical interactions between CR and AF-SBA-15. The process was shown to be endothermic and non-spontaneous. The results show that amine-functionalized SBA-15 can be used to efficiently remove toxic anionic colorants from aqueous media.

Graphical abstract

The proposed mechanisms for the adsorption of CR onto AF-SBA-15 under acidic and neutral conditions of media.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript.

Abbreviations

AE:

Adsorption efficiency, (%)

AF-SBA-15:

Amine-functionalized mesoporous silica

B:

Temkin equilibrium binding constant, (J/mol)

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method

BJH:

Barrett–Joyner–Halenda method

C o :

Initial concentration of CR, (mg/L)

C e :

Equilibrium concentration of CR, (mg/L)

CR:

Congo Red

D BJH :

Pore diameter according to BJH method, (nm)

I :

Boundary layer diffusion effects, (mg/g)

ID:

Intraparticle diffusion

k 1 :

Rate constant of PFO kinetic model, (1/min)

k 2 :

Rate constant of PSO kinetic model, (g/mg min)

k id :

Rate constant of ID model, (mg/g1 min0.5)

K F :

Adsorption capacity of Freundlich isotherm model, (L/mg)

K L :

Langmuir equilibrium constant, (L/mg)

K T :

Temkin constant related to the adsorption heat, (L/mg)

m :

Mass of AF-SBA-15, (g)

n :

Freundlich adsorption intensity

p/p o :

Relative pressure

PFO:

Pseudo-first-order

pHpzc :

PH at point of zero charge

PSO:

Pseudo-second-order

q e :

Amount of CR adsorbed per gram adsorbent at equilibrium, (mg/g)

q t :

Amount of CR adsorbed per gram adsorbent at time t, (mg/g)

q max :

Maximum amount of CR adsorbed per gram adsorbent, (mg/g)

R :

Gas constant, (8.314 J/mol K)

R L :

Dimensionless separation factor

R 2 :

Determination coefficient

SBA-15:

Mesoporous silica

S BET :

Surface area according to BET method, (m2/g)

t :

Time, (min)

T :

Temperature, (K or °C)

V :

Volume of the aqueous solution, (L)

V BJH :

Pore volume according to BJH, (cc/g)

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

α :

Elovich initial adsorption rate, (mg/g min)

β :

Elovich desorption constant, (g/mg)

[ ]:

Concentration of the solute, (mol/L)

ΔG°:

Change in Gibbs free energy, (kJ/mol)

ΔH°:

Change in enthalpy, (kJ/mol)

ΔS°:

Change in entropy, (J/mol K)

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge Konya Technical University for the support and facilities used in this study.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey

    Hani Zeidan, Mukaddes Can & Mustafa Esen Marti

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  1. Hani Zeidan
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Zeidan, H., Can, M. & Marti, M.E. Synthesis, characterization, and use of an amine-functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 for the removal of Congo Red from aqueous media. Res Chem Intermed 49, 221–240 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-022-04876-6

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