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I’ll Know One When I See It: Using Social Network Analysis to Define Comprehensive Institutions Through Organizational Identity

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Abstract

Comprehensive institutions (CIs) have long been characterized as middling universities with a confused identity and purpose. Yet, their historical origins demonstrate that they have served as an important point of access into higher education for marginalized student groups. Still, there remains little consensus over which institutions are CIs and what organizational characteristics are associated with being an CI. This study uses novel data on institutional comparison groups and a network approach to determine which institutions other U.S. colleges and universities define as CIs. The analysis provides a method for detecting culturally-defined organizational categories and clarifies the definition of a CI. Creating analytical clarity about which institutions are CIs has important implications for future research on these institutions and for policy that affects these institutions.

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Cassie Barnhardt, Sondra Barringer, Freda Lynn, Kevin McClure, Christopher Morphew, and to this manuscript’s reviewers for their thoughtful and beneficial comments on an earlier version of this paper.

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  1. Suffolk University, 73 Tremont St, Boston, MA, 02108, USA

    Graham N. S. Miller

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Appendices

Appendix 1: IPEDS Instructions for Identifying a Custom-Identified Comparison Group

Retrieved from https://surveys.nces.ed.gov/ipeds/ViewContent.aspx?contentId=24.

The annual IPEDS Data Feedback Report (DFR) will be emailed to chief administrators of postsecondary institutions around early winter. This report provides comparison statistics for the institution and a group of similar institutions, referred to as a comparison group. There are two methods by which a comparison group can be established:

  1. 1.

    Create a group. An institution may choose its own custom comparison group. Instructions for doing this are described below.

  2. 2.

    Use the automatic group. An institution may use the default option, which is the automatically generated comparison group determined by NCES. This group is based on an algorithm that includes institution level and control, Carnegie classification, and enrollment, among other variables. If this is the option you want, you do not need to create a custom comparison group.

For your institution’s 2018 Data Feedback Report, a custom comparison group must be established by July 14, 2018. Changes after this date will not be applied to the 2018 Data Feedback Report.

NOTE: A custom comparison group created in the spring of 2019 will NOT be used in the 2018 IPEDS Data Feedback Report that is currently available in the Use the Data portal of the IPEDS website (nces.ed.gov/ipeds).

Creating a Custom Comparison Group

There are two ways to create a custom comparison group:

  1. 1.

    Click on “Data Feedback Report” in Use the Data portal. Create your group, save it, and upload it to the Data Collection System, or

  2. 2.

    Use the Data Collection System to create a new group from scratch or to modify last year’s group.

ONLY the IPEDS keyholder has access to the data collection function that allows groups to be uploaded, created, or modified. Your custom comparison group can contain whichever institutions you want, as long as it contains no more than 100 institutions.

If you created a group last year for the 2017 DFR, that same group will be retained for the 2018 DFR. If you would like to verify the comparison group (note that changes in the IPEDS universe due to institution closures and mergers may have modified your group) OR make changes to it, please log into the Data Collection System and confirm/modify it as desired.

Creating a Custom Comparison Group Using the Data Feedback Report Tool from the IPEDS Website

  • Go to Use the Data (https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/Home/UseTheData)

  • Click on Data Feedback Report.

  • Enter your institution’s UnitID or name (this will be displayed later as the comparison institution). When your institution appears below the box, click on its name.

  • Click on either Create a Custom Data Feedback Report or Create a Statistical Analysis Report.

  • Select the appropriate option under “How would you like to select institutions to include in your report?” Add institutions to your group by name, by criteria, or start with your saved or the automatically generated group and make changes to it. Click on the Help link in the upper right-hand corner for instructions on creating a comparison group (look in Part 5 of the IPEDS Data User Manual: Chapter 12 ExPT and DFR).

  • Once you are satisfied with your list of institutions, click on Main Menu (the white button near the upper-right corner).

  • Click on Create, Save, or Upload institutions.

  • Review the list of institutions.

  • Save the group to your computer by clicking the Export button near the top of the institution list. Change the default filename to CGxxxxxx.uid where “xxxxxx” is your UnitID.

  • You MUST upload your comparison group to the Data Collection System in order for it to be used in your 2018 DFR.

    • Log into the Data Collection System (https://surveys.nces.ed.gov/ipeds/).

    • From the Tools menu, select Comparison Group Edit/Upload.

    • Click Browse, find your xxxxxx.uid file where you saved it on your computer, and click Upload. If the upload is NOT successful, an error message will be generated, explaining the error. A successful upload will return a success message, and you will see a list of custom comparison group institution names.

Creating a Custom Comparison Group Using the IPEDS Data Collection System

  • Log into the Data Collection System (https://surveys.nces.ed.gov/ipeds/).

  • From the Tools menu, select Comparison Group Edit/Upload.

  • Click Create or View/Edit.

  • Click Add new. On your first attempt, you must enter a UnitID in all 3 boxes because your group must contain a minimum of 3 institutions. Use College Navigator College Navigator or Use the Data’s Look up an Institution to find UnitIDs. Click Save.

  • Continue until your group contains all the institutions desired.

Modifying a Custom Comparison Group Using the IPEDS Data Collection System

  • If you uploaded a group last year and want to make changes to the group, or want to delete the entire group, use the following procedure:

    • Log into the Data Collection System (https://surveys.nces.ed.gov/ipeds/).

    • From the Tools menu, select Comparison Group Edit/Upload.

    • Click Create or View/Edit.

    • Use the icons to edit or delete individual institutions on your list, click Add new to add additional institutions to your group, or click Delete all to get rid of the entire group.

If you need help with creating a custom comparison group, please contact the IPEDS Data Use HelpDesk at 1-886-558-0658 or ipedstools@rti.org. If emailing, include your institution’s name or UnitID, your name and phone number, and a brief description of the problem. Assistance is available through July 14.

Appendix 2: List of Comprehensive Institutions

Adams State University

Alabama A & M University

Alabama State University

Albany State University

Alcorn State University

Angelo State University

Appalachian State University

Arizona State University-Polytechnic

Arizona State University-West

Arkansas Northeastern College

Arkansas State University-Beebe

Arkansas State University-Main Campus

Arkansas State University-Mountain Home

Arkansas State University-Newport

Arkansas Tech University

Armstrong State University

Athens State University

Atlanta Metropolitan State College

Auburn University at Montgomery

Augusta University

Austin Peay State University

Bainbridge State College

Baker College

Bemidji State University

Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology

Black Hills State University

Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania

Bluefield State College

Boise State University

Bossier Parish Community College

Bowie State University

Bridgewater State University

California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo

California State University Maritime Academy

California State University-Bakersfield

California State University-Channel Islands

California State University-Chico

California State University-Dominguez Hills

California State University-East Bay

California State University-Fresno

California State University-Fullerton

California State University-Long Beach

California State University-Los Angeles

California State University-Monterey Bay

California State University-Northridge

California State University-Sacramento

California State University-San Bernardino

California State University-San Marcos

California State University-Stanislaus

California University of Pennsylvania

Cameron University

Carl Albert State College

Castleton University

Central Connecticut State University

Central Michigan University

Central Penn College

Central State University

Central Washington University

Chadron State College

Charter Oak State College

Cheyney University of Pennsylvania

Chicago State University

Christopher Newport University

Citadel Military College of South Carolina

Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Clayton State University

Coastal Carolina University

College of Charleston

College of Coastal Georgia

College of Staten Island CUNY

Colorado Mesa University

Colorado State University-Pueblo

Columbus State University

Concord University

Coppin State University

CUNY Bernard M Baruch College

CUNY Brooklyn College

CUNY City College

CUNY Hunter College

CUNY John Jay College of Criminal Justice

CUNY Lehman College

CUNY Medgar Evers College

CUNY Queens College

CUNY York College

Dakota State University

Dalton State College

Delaware State University

Delta State University

Dickinson State University

East Arkansas Community College

East Central University

East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania

East Tennessee State University

Eastern Connecticut State University

Eastern Illinois University

Eastern Kentucky University

Eastern Michigan University

Eastern New Mexico University-Main Campus

Eastern Oregon University

Eastern Washington University

Edinboro University of Pennsylvania

Elizabeth City State University

Emporia State University

Fairmont State University

Farmingdale State College

Fayetteville State University

Ferris State University

Fitchburg State University

Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University

Florida Gulf Coast University

Florida Polytechnic University

Fort Hays State University

Fort Lewis College

Fort Valley State University

Francis Marion University

Frostburg State University

Georgia College and State University

Georgia Gwinnett College

Georgia Highlands College

Georgia Southern University

Georgia Southwestern State University

Glenville State College

Gordon State College

Governors State University

Grambling State University

Grand Valley State University

Granite State College

Great Basin College

Harris-Stowe State University

Henderson State University

Howard University

Humboldt State University

Illinois State University

Indiana State University

Indiana University of Pennsylvania-Main Campus

Indiana University-East

Indiana University-Kokomo

Indiana University-Northwest

Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne

Indiana University-South Bend

Indiana University-Southeast

ITT Technical Institute-South Bend

Jackson State University

Jacksonville State University

James Madison University

Johnson State College

Kean University

Keene State College

Kennesaw State University

Kentucky State University

Kutztown University of Pennsylvania

Lake Superior State University

Lamar University

Lander University

Langston University

Lewis-Clark State College

Lincoln University

Lincoln University

Lock Haven University

Longwood University

Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport

Louisiana State University-Alexandria

Louisiana State University-Shreveport

Louisiana Tech University

Lyndon State College

Maine Maritime Academy

Mansfield University of Pennsylvania

Marshall University

Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts

Massachusetts Maritime Academy

Mayville State University

Mcneese State University

Metropolitan State University

Metropolitan State University of Denver

Michigan Technological University

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Miller, G.N.S. I’ll Know One When I See It: Using Social Network Analysis to Define Comprehensive Institutions Through Organizational Identity. Res High Educ 61, 51–87 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-019-09552-0

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