Abstract
Time as a precious economic resource is used in a number of activities of human interest across the gender, regions, categories of industries, professional sets and income levels. Present study has focused on the estimation of time use poverty across gender and region (urban and rural) at administrative divisional levels in the Punjab province of Pakistan based on the nationwide time use survey data 2007. Findings show that time use poverty in Punjab is approximately 24 %. The rural households are more time use poor as compared with urban households. Notably, in rural areas, females are poorer as compared to males because females have to participate in home activities as well as socio-economic activities. Conversely, females in urban areas are less time use poor compared with males. Based on findings, some social and economic policies can help in devising gender equitable pattern of socio-economic development in the Punjab and may be applied to other parts of Pakistan. It is imperative to take into account the time used by females at various levels in order to highlight the importance of women. It is expected that findings of this study will be helpful in understanding the issue of time use poverty across the provinces in Pakistan and also other developing countries.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdourahman, O.I.: Time poverty: a contributor to women’s poverty. Afr. Stat. J. 16, 16 (2010)
Agarwal, B.: Gender, environment, and poverty interlinks: regional variations and temporal shifts in rural India, 1971–1991. World Dev. 25(1), 23–52 (1997). doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(96)00084-8
Akarro, R.: The impact of time use differentials on poverty levels in the eastern and northern zone of Tanzania. Eur. J. Econ. Financ. Adm. Sci. 13, 23–45 (2008)
Alam, A.: Impact of gender discrimination on gender development and poverty alleviation. Department of Sociology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar. Sarhad J. Agric. 27(2), 330–331 (2011)
Andriea, D.: Gender equality and gender differences: parenting, habitious, embodiment (The 2008 porter lecture) (2008)
Anne, C., Angus, D.: Consumption, health, gender and poverty. First version may 2002, revised June and July 2002. Research Program in Development Studies Princeton University (2002)
Antonopoulos, R., Memis, E.: Work on time and poverty from a developing country perspective. Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Ankara University. Working paper series No. 600 (2010)
Antonopoulos, R., Toay, T.: From unpaid to paid care work; Themacro economics implications of HIV and Aids on womens time: Tax burdens. The Levy Economics Institute at Bard College, Ankara University, (2009)
Anwar, T., Qureshi, S.: Trends in absolute poverty in Pakistan: 1990–91 and 2001. Pakistan Dev. Rev. 41(4), 859–878 (2002)
Arif, G.M.: Recent rise in poverty and its implications for poor households in Pakistan. Pakistan Dev. Rev. 39(4), 1153–1170 (2000)
Arif, G.: Pakistan poverty assessment update. Poverty, economic growth and inequality: a review of Pakistan’s poverty literature. Background Paper Series:1. Poverty Group, Country Policy Operations Unit. Pakistan Resident Mission, Asian Development Bank (2006)
Arif, G., Farooq, S.: Dynamics of Rural Poverty in Pakistan: Evidence from Three Waves of the Panel Survey. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad (2012)
Bardasi, E., Wodon, Q.: Measuring time poverty and analyzing its determinants: concepts and application to Guinea: Munich personal RePEc archive 73, 75–95 (2006)
Beacker, G.S.: A theory of the allocation of time. Econ. J. 75, 437–517 (1965)
Burchardt, T.: Time income and substantive freedom. A capability approach. Sage J. 19(13), 318–344 (2010). doi:10.1177/0961463X10369754
Chatzitheochari, S., Arber, S.: Class gender and time poverty: a time-use analysis of British worker,s free time resources. Br. J. Soc. 63(3), 451–471 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01419.x
Chaudhry, I.: Poverty alleviation in Southern Punjab (Pakistan): an empirical evidence from the project area of Asian Development Bank. Int. Res. J. Financ. Econ. 23, 1450–2887 (2009)
Fan, S., Chan-Kang, C.: Road Development, Economic Growth, and Poverty Reduction in China. Research Report. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. (2005)
Fan, S., Kang, C., Mukherjee, A.: Rural and Urban Dynamics and Poverty: Evidence from China and India. International Food Policy and Research Institute, Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, Washington, DC (2005)
Foster, J., Greer, J., Thorbecke, E.: A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica 52(3), 761–766 (1984)
Government of Pakistan: Time Use Survey 2007. Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Islamabad (2009)
Haq, R., Bhatti, M.A.: Estimation of poverty in Pakistan: The non-food consumption approach. Research report 183 (2001)
Husain, I.: Pakistan’s Economic Progress Since 2000: False Dawn or Promising Start?’. Social Capital and Economic Development: Well-Being in Developing Countries. State Bank of Pakistan, Islamabad (2004)
Hussain, A., Routray, J.K.: Status and factors of food security in Pakistan. Int. J. Dev. Issues 11(2), 164–185 (2012)
Heggeness, M., Flood, S., Pacas, J.: Work on defining poverty in terms of time and income in United States (2012)
Khan, A.U., Saboor, A.: Mapping and measuring of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan: static and dynamic approach. Indigenous Fellowship Program, Ph.D Thesis, Higher Education Commission Pakistan (2011)
Khan, A.U., Saboor, A., Ahmad, S., Ali, I.: Mapping and measuring of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan: empirical investigations. Pakistan J. Life Soc. Sci. 9(2), 121–127 (2011)
Khan, A.U., Saboor, A., Hussain, A., Sadiq, S., Mohsin, A.Q.: Investigating multidimensional poverty across the regions in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Springer, Soc. Indic. Res., (2013a). doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0511-8
Khan, A.U., Saboor, A., Hussain, A., Sadiq, S., Mohsin, A.Q.: Poverty assessment as a multidimensional socio-economic concept: the case of the Rawalpindi region in Pakistan. Asia Pac. J. Soc. Work Dev. 00(0), 1–13 (2013b). doi:10.1080/02185385.2013.844724
Kizilirmak, B., Memis, E.: The unequal Burden of Poverty on Time use. Ankara university (2009). Working Paper 572
Lawson, D.: A gendered analysis of ‘Time Poverty’–the importance of infrastructure. Global Poverty Research Group. Working Paper, GPRG-WPS-078 (2007)
Maltzahn, V.R., Durrheim, K.: Is poverty multidimensional? A comparison of income and asset based measures in five Southern African countries. Springer Science & Business Media B.V., South Africa (2007)
National Instituten of Population Studies: Population, Growth and Its Implications. National Instituten of Population Studies, Islamabad, Pakistan, Islamabad (2008)
National Instituten of Population Studies: Population, Growth and Its Implications. National Instituten of Population Studies, Islamabad, Pakistan, Islamabad (2009)
Naveed, A., Islam, T.: Estimating multidimensional poverty and identifying the poor in Pakistan: an alternative approach. University of Cambridge, Cambridge (2010)
Qureshi, S.K., Arif, G.M.: Profile of Poverty in Pakistan 1998–99. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad (2001)
Rasul, G., Mahmood, A., Sadiq, A., Khan, S.I.: Vulnerability of the indus delta to climate change in Pakistan. Pakistan J. Meteorol. 8(16), (2012)
Ravallion, M.: Poverty Lines. Palgrave Macmillan, London (1994)
Saqib, N., Arif, G.M.: Time Poverty, Work Status and Gender. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad (2012)
Sharif, M., Rahman, S.: The impact of gender inequality in education on rural poverty in pakistan. Eur. J. Econ. Financ. Adm. Sci. 1450–2275 (2009)
Sinha, N., Raju, D., Morrison, A.: Gender equality, poverty and economic growth. World Bank Policy Research. Working Paper, 4349 (2007)
Smeeding, T.M.: Time and Public Policy Why Do We Care and What Instruments are Needed. Syracuse University, Washington, DC (1997)
Stella, C., Arber, S.: Class, gender and time poverty: a time use analysis of British worker’s free time resources. Br. J. Soc. 63(3), 451–471 (2012)
United Nations: United Nation Document Index. United Nations Publication, New York, 9, 3 (2007)
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme. Human development report 2010. 20th Anniversary Edition (2010)
UN Millennium Project: Fast facts: the faces of poverty. http://www.unmilleniumproject.org/documents/3-MP-PovertyFacts-E.pdf (2002). Searched on 11 Oct 2014
Vickery, C.: The time poor: a new look at poverty. J. Human Res. 12(1), 27–48 (1977)
World Bank: World Development Report 2008. Agriculture for Development, Washington, D.C. (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saboor, A., Manzoor, M. & Khan, A.U. Time use poverty and gender inequality: empirical evidences from Punjab. Qual Quant 50, 421–438 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0156-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0156-y