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RETRACTED ARTICLE: An architecture of agent-based multi-layer interactive e-learning and e-testing platform

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This article was retracted on 09 November 2019

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Abstract

E-learning is the synthesis of multimedia and social media platforms powered by Internet and mobile technologies. Great popularity of e-learning is encouraging governments and educational institutions to adopt and develop e-learning cultures in societies in general and universities in particular. In traditional e-learning systems, all components (agents and services) are tightly coupled into a single system. In this study, we propose a new architecture for e-learning with two subsystems, namely, e-learning and e-testing. The motivation of the research is to improve the effectiveness of the learning process by extracting relevant features for elastic learning and testing process. We employ a multi-agent system because it contains five-layer architecture, including agents at various levels. We also propose a novel method for updating content through question and answer between e-learners and intelligent agents. To achieve optimization, we design a system that applies various technologies, which guarantee various dynamic features for e-learning systems, such as intelligence, distributed nature, adaptive attitude, interaction, accessibility, and security. Agent assisted e- learning enable the users to collect the quantifiable and sensible material; examine, and distribute customized knowledge from multiple e-learning sources. Intelligent agents, being program helper or assistants, are deployed at different levels of abstraction in this architecture to manage information overload and create environment for learners. Moreover, this proposed system is designed by keeping in view several characteristics specific to e-learning system such as interaction, personalization, adaptation, intelligence, interoperability, accessibility and security. The architecture is designed to support instructional design, to retrieve relevant learning materials, to process and analyses data to enable meaningful e-learning recommendations for instructors and learners by considering all issues that existing e-learning architectures don’t address. Most of the existing e-learning architectures don’t consider all the features in a single system so there is a need for a generic architecture that should support all the features to make the e-learning system more efficient. The outcome of this approach is to provide flexible and lightweight systems for e-learning environments.

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  • 09 November 2019

    The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Muhammad Arif, Ahmad Karim, Khubaib Amjad Alam, Shahid Farid & Salman Iqbal

  2. Departmnet of Computer Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Arif & Manzoor Illahi

  3. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Department of Computer System and Technology, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Shahaboddin Shamshirband

  4. Department of Computer Science, Chalous Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Chalous, 46615-397, Mazandaran, Iran

    Shahaboddin Shamshirband

  5. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

    Zolkepli Buang

  6. Department of Automation and Applied Informatics, University of Arad, 310130, Arad, Romania

    Valentina Emilia Balas

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  1. Muhammad Arif
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  2. Manzoor Illahi
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  5. Khubaib Amjad Alam
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  7. Salman Iqbal
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  8. Zolkepli Buang
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  9. Valentina Emilia Balas
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Correspondence to Muhammad Arif.

Additional information

The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article [1] because validity of the content of this article cannot be verified. This article showed evidence of peer review and authorship manipulation.

Authors Muhammad Arif, Ahmad Karim, Shahaboddin Shamshirband, Khubaib Amjad Alam, Shahid Farid, Salman Iqbal do not agree to this retraction. Authors Manzoor Illahi, Zolkepli Buang, Valentina Emilia Balas have not responded to any correspondence from the editor or publisher about this retraction.

References:

1. “An architecture of agent-based multi-layer interactive e-learning and e-testing platform” Muhammad Arif*, Manzoor Illahi, Ahmad Karim, Shahaboddin Shamshirband, Khubaib Amjad Alam, Shahid Farid, Salman Iqbal, Zolkepli Buang, Valentina Emilia Balas Published 31 october 2014 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-014-0121-9

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Arif, M., Illahi, M., Karim, A. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: An architecture of agent-based multi-layer interactive e-learning and e-testing platform. Qual Quant 49, 2435–2458 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0121-9

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