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Bidirectional longitudinal associations of parent and child health following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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Abstract

This study (1) assessed whether parent health mediated associations between exposures to the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill (BP-DHOS) and child health, and whether child health mediated associations between BP-DHOS exposures and parent health; and (2) assessed bidirectional longitudinal associations between parent health and child health following the BP-DHOS. The study used three waves of panel data (2014, 2016, and 2018) from South Louisiana communities highly impacted by the BP-DHOS. Parents with children (aged 4–18 at the time of the interview) were interviewed based on a probability sample of households. Focal measures included economic and physical BP-DHOS exposures, self-reported parent health, and parent-reported child health. Health measures were gathered at three time points. The analyses included mediation analysis and estimating and comparing effect sizes of longitudinal cross-lagged effects between parent health and child health. Results showed that parent health partly mediated associations between BP-DHOS exposures and child health, and that child health partly mediated associations between BP-DHOS exposures and parent health. Paths from prior waves of parent health to subsequent waves of child health were positive and statistically significant as were paths from prior waves of child health to subsequent waves of parent health. The differences in size of the child-to-parent health effects and the parent-to-child health effects were not statistically significant. This study’s results extend evidence for the post-disaster effect of parent health on child health and the effects of child health on parent health. These findings support the contention that harm to the health of one’s family member following disasters operates as a form of resource loss deleterious to one’s health.

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Availability of data and material

Data funded by GoMRI are publicly available through the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Information and Data Cooperative (GRIIDC) at https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org (https://doi.org/10.7266/n7-hjz4-w930. https://doi.org/10.7266/n7-9ftv-yd07).

Code availability

Analysis was conducted in Stata 13.1. Code can be made available by the corresponding author upon request.

Notes

  1. Parents is used in place of caregivers throughout.

  2. The child in the home with the most recent birthday was selected for child-focused survey questions. Only one child per household was selected. The adult respondent in each household was identified based on their ability to best answer questions about that child. This was typically the child's mother, but fathers and a smaller number of other caregivers were also selected.

  3. The RCYC did not gather parents’ reasons for rating a child’s overall health. However, in pairwise Pearson’s correlations, the correlation between child overall health and child physical health symptoms (r = .377; p < .001) was similar to, but slightly larger than the correlation with child mental health symptoms (r = .355; p < .001). Both were larger than the correlation with problems at school for the child (r = .149; p < .001). This suggests that respondents had aspects of physical and mental health in mind when responding, and to a lesser extent behavioral problems at school.

  4. These questions were asked in the first survey wave in 2014 but respondents were asked about earlier experiences following the oil spill.

  5. We used the following items to construct the BP-DHOS physical exposure indicator. “Did [child] come into direct physical contact with the oil, tar balls from the spill or any of the material they put into the water to clean up the spill within 6 months of the oil spill (from April to November)? This means [child] may have touched the oil or other materials when they were doing things like, playing on the beach, hunting, fishing, or swimming.” Adult-focused survey questions used to construct the physical exposure indicator were: “Did you come into direct physical contact with the oil, tar balls from the spill or any of the material they put in the water to clean up the spill within 6 months of the oil spill? This means that you may have touched the oil or other materials when you were doing things like, playing on the beach, hunting, fishing, or swimming.”; and “At any time between when the oil spill happened to 6 months later (November 2010), could you smell the oil?”.

  6. Coefficients were constrained to be equal across waves.

  7. Although effects are constrained to be equal across waves, slight differences in the wave 1-to-wave2 and wave 2-to wave-3 standardized effects are visible in Fig. 1. These differences are artificial due to how Stata calculates standardized effects in SEM (StataCorp, 2019b). Unstandardized coefficients, however, are identical (available upon request).

  8. This study’s mediation analysis provides support for the idea that the bidirectional patterns observed help explain the relations between BP-DHOS exposures and health. However, assessing whether this pattern of bidirectional results is unique to a post-disaster context is beyond the scope of the current study. Future research should assess such bidirectional patterns in parent–child dyads following other stressors such as wars, economic shocks, and family disruptions.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all those who participated in the Resilient Children, Youth, and Communities (RCYC) study. This research was made possible by grants from the Baton Rouge Area Foundation and the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI). Data funded by GoMRI are publicly available through the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Information & Data Cooperative (GRIIDC) at https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org (https://doi.org/10.7266/n7-hjz4-w930. https://doi.org/10.7266/n7-9ftv-yd07).

Funding

This research was made possible by grants from the Baton Rouge Area Foundation and the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, Louisiana State University, Stubbs Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA

    Samuel Stroope, Rhiannon A. Kroeger & Tim Slack

  2. Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Kathryn Sweet Keating

  3. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Jaishree Beedasy

  4. Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Thomas Chandler, Jeremy Brooks & Jonathan J. Sury

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  1. Samuel Stroope
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  2. Rhiannon A. Kroeger
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  7. Jeremy Brooks
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SS led the design of the research, data analysis, and writing of the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript.

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Correspondence to Samuel Stroope.

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Stroope, S., Kroeger, R.A., Slack, T. et al. Bidirectional longitudinal associations of parent and child health following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Popul Environ 44, 123–144 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-022-00404-1

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