Abstract
Purpose
The introduction of aquatic animals into paddy fields is an effective strategy to improve rice yields and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. However, it remains unclear how rice-animal co-culture systems affect methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and rice yields, and the comprehensive drivers of management practices and pedo-climatic conditions have not been evaluated.
Methods
A meta-analysis of 247 pairwise comparisons was employed to compare the CH4 and N2O emissions and rice yield between rice-animal co-culture (i.e., rice-duck, rice-fish, rice-crayfish, rice-crab, and rice-frog systems) and rice monoculture.
Results
The results demonstrated that rice-animal co-culture significantly alleviated CH4 emission by 86.8%, improved rice yield by 49.2%, and had no significant effects on N2O emission relative to rice monoculture. Rice-animal co-culture was found to reduce the global warming potential by 12.9% and the greenhouse gas intensity by 4.9%. Considering rice yield improvement and greenhouse gas mitigation, the rice-duck, rice-fish, and rice-frog modes had great advantages over the rice-crayfish and rice-crab modes. Additionally, the effects of rice-animal co-culture on CH4 and N2O emissions and the rice yield were found to differ with the co-culture mode, aquatic animal density, feeding, nitrogen fertilizer rate, number of nitrogen applications, soil texture, soil pH, air temperature, and precipitation.
Conclusion
Rice-animal co-culture systems have the great potential to increase agricultural productivity and alleviate environmental risks, which deserves to be acceptable and sustainable.
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Data availability
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Research and Application of Industrial Technology System of Organic Agriculture in Yunnan Province, China (202202AE090029), and the National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of China (202210019001).
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Chong Wang conceived the idea and designed the study; Chong Wang and Xiaoyu Shi analyzed the data with help from Zhiming Qi; Chong Wang, Yanqiu Xiao, and Shuo Peng collected the data; Jie Zhao designed the methodology; Qingquan Chu critically reviewed the manuscript.
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Wang, C., Shi, X., Qi, Z. et al. How does rice-animal co-culture system affect rice yield and greenhouse gas? A meta-analysis. Plant Soil 493, 325–340 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06233-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06233-x