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On the contribution of cadmium – citrate complexes to cadmium uptake by durum wheat

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Abstract

Purpose

To determine if the increase in Cd uptake by durum wheat in the presence of Cd-citrate is due to dissociation or to the transpiration-driven apoplastic uptake of the complex.

Methods

A mechanistic model of Cd uptake in hydroponics was developed, formalising the transport of Cd, citrate and their complex, including the dissociation of the latter and its uptake through apoplastic pathway. Model outputs were compared to Cd and citrate uptake by durum wheat exposed to 35 and 117 nM Cd2+ in aqueous solution, in absence and presence of citrate.

Results

A quasi-doubling (+ 94%) of the Cd uptake was measured when the exposure solution was theoretically 80 nM Cd-citrate in addition to the 35 nM Cd2+, when compared to the exposure to 35 nM Cd2+ alone. The model precisely predicted the Cd uptake with Cd2+ at the two exposure levels (35 and 117 nM Cd2+) without ligand. In the presence of citrate, the modelling showed that Cd-citrate dissociation could increase the Cd uptake by 18.1%. Including the uptake of Cd-citrate through apoplastic uptake increased the simulated uptake by only 19.6%. The [Cd2+] measured here was twice that calculated using VisualMINTEQ (35 nM). Using the measured values of Cd speciation enabled an accurate prediction of the metal uptake.

Conclusions

In the presence of citrate, durum wheat principally absorbs free hydrated Cd ions. The dissociation of the Cd-citrate complexes makes a minor contribution to the Cd2+ uptake flux, while their apoplastic uptake can be regarded as practically negligible.

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Data availability

Experimental data are given in the article.

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Acknowledgements

The author thanks Dr Christian Moyne for his help in coding with MATLAB, and Dr Pierre Leglize both for his careful reading of the manuscript and for his advice.

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  1. Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, 54000, Nancy, France

    Thibault Sterckeman

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  1. Thibault Sterckeman
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Sterckeman, T. On the contribution of cadmium – citrate complexes to cadmium uptake by durum wheat. Plant Soil 487, 455–465 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-05943-6

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