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Where do the electrons go? How numerous redox processes drive phytochemical diversity

Redox processes in phytochemistry

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Abstract

Plants produce structurally and functionally diverse metabolites that are key to many physiological processes such as growth and development, reproduction, defense, and stress responses. Underlying this chemical diversity are numerous enzyme-catalyzed (oxidoreductase) reactions that transfer electrons between molecular species altering their respective oxidation states. Many of these oxidoreductases require redox-active components such as redox-associated electron carriers and/or redox-active metals. Furthermore, many oxidoreductases contain amino acids that are susceptible to redox-driven post-translational modifications. These redox reactions and redox-active components are widely distributed throughout primary and specialized (secondary) metabolism using electrons derived from photosynthesis, respiration, and acquired nutrients. This review illustrates the criticality of collectively analyzing the redox state of plants including the phytochemical reactions that rely on redox components, the redox state of oxidoreductases, and the balance of oxidants and antioxidants. This redox-focused perspective is essential to understanding how plants harness the power of electrons to drive phytochemical diversity for essential functions in dynamic environments. Furthermore, the increasing likelihood of adverse environmental conditions on future plant systems will inevitably alter the production and distribution of electrons resulting in escalating levels of oxidative damage. Therefore, additional protection strategies, likely involving metabolic engineering, will need to be developed to maintain a favorable redox state for plant health and the phytochemical products required for life.

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Abbreviations

2KDH:

2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenase

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ADH:

Alcohol dehydrogenase

ALDH:

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

APR:

APS reductase

APS:

Adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS)

At:

Arabidopsis thaliana

CAD:

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase

Chl:

Chlorophyll

DH:

Dehydrogenase

EC:

Enzyme classification

FAD:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

FAD4:

Fatty acid desaturase 4

FADs:

Fatty acid desaturases

FMO:

Flavin-dependent P450s

KGR:

2-Keto-l-gulonic acid reductase

GABA:

γ-aminobutyrate

GGPP:

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate

GGR:

Geranylgeranyl reductase

HPPD:

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase

L-IdnDH:

L-idonate 5-dehydrogenase

LOX:

Lipoxygenase

NAD(P)(H):

Nicotinamide dinucleotide (phosphate)

P450s:

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases

PAO:

Polyamine oxidase

PDB:

Protein Data Bank

PMN:

Plant metabolic network

PRXQ:

Peroxiredoxin q

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SiR:

Ferredoxin-dependent sulfite reductase

SSADH:

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase

Zm:

Zea mays

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Acknowledgements

This review was supported by East Carolina University- Division of Research, Economic Development and Engagement. The author would like to acknowledge the extremely useful Plant Metabolic Network database that this review used extensively. The author would like to acknowledge researchers not cited in this review due to space limitations who have contributed to enhancing our understanding of plant redox processes. Finally, the author would like to thank Adam Offenbacher, East Carolina University, for helpful discussions on the manuscript and redox biochemistry topics.

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  1. Science and Technology 554, Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA

    Patrick J. Horn

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Horn, P.J. Where do the electrons go? How numerous redox processes drive phytochemical diversity. Phytochem Rev 20, 367–407 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09738-w

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