Abstract
Insecticidal action of plant essential oils has been an area of intensive research in the new millennium, according to a recent bibliometric analysis. Despite this overwhelming research effort, commercialization of bioinsecticides based on essential oils has lagged far behind, although such products have now been used in the USA for over a decade, and in the EU in the last 4–5 years. Recent progress in commercialization of these products is reviewed here. Essential oils and their mono- and sesquiterpenoid constituents are fast-acting neurotoxins in insects, possibly interacting with multiple receptor types. These compounds also display potentially important sublethal behavioural effects in pest insects, including feeding and oviposition deterrence and repellence. Synergy among essential oil terpenoids appears to be a common phenomenon, and a mechanism for this action in rosemary oil has recently been demonstrated. Commercial development of bioinsecticides based on plant essential oils can follow several different pathways producing products with active ingredients differing in their genesis. These include products whose active ingredients consist of (1) a mixture of essential oils; (2) a single essential oil, or a single terpenoid constituent; (3) a blend of terpenoids, synthetically produced, that emulate those in a plant essential oil; and (4) a novel (non-natural) blend of terpenoids obtained from different plant sources. Examples of each of these are provided.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhtar Y, Isman MB (2003) Binary mixtures of feeding deterrents mitigate the decrease in feeding deterrent response to antifeedants following prolonged exposure in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Chemoecol 13:177–182
Akhtar Y, Pages E, Stevens A et al (2012) Effect of chemical complexity of essential oils on feeding deterrence in larvae of the cabbage looper. Physiol Entomol 37:81–91
Arjjumend H, Koutouki K (2018) Science of biopesticides and critical analysis of Indian legal frameworks regulating biocontrol agents. Int J Agric Environ Biotechnol 11:563–571
Bailen M, Julio LF, Diaz CE et al (2013) Chemical composition and biological effects of essential oils from Artemisia absinthium L. cultivated under different environmental conditions. Ind Crops Prod 49:102–107
Benelli G, Pavela R, Maggi F et al (2017) Commentary: making green pesticides greener? The potential of plant products for nanosynthesis and pest control. J Clust Sci 28:3–10
California Department of Pesticide Regulation (2016) Summary of pesticide use report data 2016, indexed by chemical. Available at: https://www.cdpr.ca.gov Accessed 15 April 2019
De Oliveira JL, Ramos Campos EV, Bakshi M et al (2014) Applications of nanotechnology for the encapsulation of botanical insecticides for sustainable agriculture: prospects and promises. Biotechnol Adv 32:1550–1561
Deletre E, Mallent M, Menut C et al (2015) Behavioral response of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to 20 plant extracts. J Econ Entomol 108:1890–1901
Enan E (2001) Insecticidal activity of essential oils: octopaminergic sites of action. Comp Biochem Physiol 130:325–337
Feng R, Isman MB (1995) Selectionf or resistance to azadirachtin in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Experientia 51:831–833
Grieneisen ML, Isman MB (2018) Recent developments in the registration and usage of botanical pesticides in California. In: Zhang M, Jackson S, Robertson MA, Zeiss MR (eds) Managing and analyzing pesticide use data for pest management, environmental monitoring, public health, and public policy, American chemical society symposium series 1283:149–169
Isman MB (2000) Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot 19:603–608
Isman MB (2016) Pesticides based on plant essential oils: phytochemical and practical considerations. In: Jeliazkov VD and Cantrell CL (eds) Medical and aromatic crops: production, phytochemistry, and utilization, American chemical society symposium series 1218:13–26
Isman MB (2017) Bridging the gap: moving botanical insecticides from the laboratory to the farm. Indust Crops Prod 110:10–14
Isman MB, Grieneisen ML (2014) Botanical insecticide research: many publications, limited useful data. Trends Plant Sci 19:140–145
Isman MB, Tak JH (2017a) Commercialization of insecticides based on plant essential oils: past, present and future. In: Nollet L, Rathore HS (eds) Green pesticides handbook: essential oils for pest control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 27–39
Isman MB, Tak JH (2017b) Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by essential oils and monoterpenoids: a relevant mode of action for insecticidal essential oils? Biopest Int 13(2):71–78
Isman MB, Miresmailli S, Machial C (2011) Commercial opportunities for pesticides based on plant essential oils in agriculture, industry and consumer products. Phytochem Rev 10:197–204
Kah M, Singh Kookana R, Gogos A et al (2018) A critical evaluation of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers against their conventional analogues. Nat Nanotechnol 13:677–684
Kostyukovsky M, Rafaeli A, Gileadi C et al (2002) Activation of octopaminergic receptors by essential oil constituents isolated from aromatic plants: possible mode of action against insect pests. Pest Manag Sci 58:1101–1106
Koul O, Walia S, Dhaliwal GS (2008) Essential oils as green pesticides: potential and constraints. Biopestic Int 4:63–84
Marrone P (2019) Pesticidal natural products: status and future potential. Pest Manag Sci 75:2325–2340
Mishra S, Keswani C, Abhilash PC et al (2017) Integrated approach of agri-nanotechnology: challenges and future trends. Front Plant Sci 8:471
Pavela R, Benelli G (2016) Essential oils as ecofriendly biopesticides? Challenges and constraints. Trends Plant Sci 21:1000–1007
Price DN, Berry MS (2006) Comparison of effects of octopamine and insecticidal essential oils on activity in the nerve cord, foregut and dorsal unpaired median neurons of cockroaches. J Insect Physiol 52:309–319
Priestley CM, Williamson EM, Wafford KA et al (2003) Thymol, a constituent of thyme essential oil, is a positive allosteric modulator of human GABAA receptors and a homo-oligomeric GABA receptor from Drosophila melanogaster. Brit J Pharmacol 140:1363–1372
Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason JT (2012) Essential oils in insect control: low-risk products in a high-stakes world. Ann Rev Entomol 57:405–424
Smith GH, Roberts JM, Pope TW (2018) Terpene based biopesticides as potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for control of aphid pests on protected ornamentals. Crop Protect 110:125–130
Tak JH, Isman MB (2015) Enhanced cuticular penetration as the mechanism for synergy of insecticidal constituents of rosemary essential oil in Trichoplusia ni. Sci Rep 5:12690
Tak JH, Isman MB (2016) Metabolism of citral, the major constituent of lemongrass oil, in the cabbage looper, Tricohoplusia ni, and effects of enzyme inhibitors on toxicity and metabolism. Pestic Biochem Physiol 133:20–25
Tak JH, Isman MB (2017) Acaricidal and repellent activity of plant essential oil-derived terpenes and the effect of binary mixtures against Tetranycus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Indust Crops Prod 108:786–792
Tak JH, Jovel E, Isman MB (2017) Effects of rosemary, thyme and lemongrass oils and their major constituents on detoxifying enzyme activity and insecticidal activity in Trichoplusia ni. Pestic Biochem Physiol 140:9–16
Tong F, Coats JR (2010) Effects of monoterpenoid insecticides on [3H]-TBOB binding in house fly GABA receptor and 36Cl-uptake in American cockroach ventral nerve cord. Pestic Biochem Physiol 98:317–324
Tong F, Gross AD, Dolan MC et al (2013) The phenolic monoterpenoid carvacrol inhibits the binding of nicotine to the house fly nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Pest Manag Sci 69:775–780
Vurro M, Miguel-Rojas C, Perex-de-Luque A (2019) Safe nanotechnologies for increasing the effectiveness of environmentally friendly natural agrochemicals. Pest Manag Sci 75:2403–2412
Walia S, Saha S, Tripathi V, Sharma KK (2017) Phytochemical biopesticides: some recent developments. Phytochem Rev 16:989–1007
Acknowledgements
Research on plant essential oil-based pesticides in the author’s laboratory was generously supported from 1996 to 2017 by EcoSMART Technologies, KeyPlex and Kittrich Corporation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author is a founding member of, and continues to serve on the Scientific Advisory Panel of KeyPlex/Kittrich, and consults to other biopesticide companies.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Isman, M.B. Commercial development of plant essential oils and their constituents as active ingredients in bioinsecticides. Phytochem Rev 19, 235–241 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09653-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09653-9