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New advances in chemical defenses of plants: researches in calceolariaceae

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Abstract

Evidences about the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites from plants point to constitutive or induce chemical defense generated for protection against to different phytopathogenic attack. Calceolaria spp. is regarded both as a notorious weed and as a popular ornamental garden plant and have medicinal application. Some taxa of the America distributed Calceolaria genus are toxic to insects, fungi and several bacteria strains, and its effect has been associated with the presence of phenolics. Calceolaria spp. produces a number of iridoids, flavonoids, naphthoquinones and phenylpropanoids that have been shown to possess interesting biological activities. All these aspects are considered in this review to allow an evaluation of the potential for utilization of the large biodiversity of Calceolaria available. An up-to-date of the phytochemistry and biological activities of several members of the Calceolariaceae family is show. New iridoids, flavonoids and phenylpropanoids for these Calceolaria species have been isolated, identified and tested for their antifeedant, igr, insecticidal, antimicrobial, anticancer, proteinase, tyrosinase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Until now mixtures of flavonoids have been found to be potent insecticides and fungicides, followed by phenylpropanoids mixtures and iridoids showed to be antifeedant and in some cases repellent and attractant. Dose-dependent experiments shows that flavonoids are insecticidal against S. frugiperda and D. melanogaster at early growth stages. Bactericidal and fungicidal activity showed that dunnione (a naphthoquinone) have potent activity as fungistatic and fungicidal. O-methylflavonols, and different mixtures of them were very effective fungistatic. However, fungistatic quercetin and dunnione both combined with sublethal amount of kaempferol and gallic acid showed a strong fungicidal activity against phytopathogenic strains. Additionally, naphthoquinones possess a promissory activity as anticancer.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to M.Sc. Evelyn Muñoz (Phytochemical Ecology Lab, Basic Sciences Dept., Faculty of Sciences, University of Bio Bio, Chillan, Chile) for technical assistance with the antioxidant assay and for the help in performing many insect feeding assays. To Prof. Ana Ma. Garcıa-Bores (Laboratorio de Fitoquimica, Unidad UBIPRO, FES-Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico DF, Mexico) for proteinase assays and performing antimicrobial assay in part. To Prof. David S. Seigler, Ph.D. (Emeritus Professor, Department of Plant Biology, and Curator, Herbarium of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) for identification of the plant samples. CLC is grateful to CONICYT Chile through FONDECYT Program, grants # 1101003 and # 1130242 for financial support in part. IK and CLC are grateful to UC Berkeley-Chile Seed Funds for grant. This paper is based on work supported by grants from the Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica de Chile (CONICYT), through FONDECYT Program grants 1101003 and 1130242.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Bioquimica Vegetal y Fitoquimica-Ecologica, Grupo de Investigación: Química y Biotecnología de Productos Naturales Bioactivos, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bio Bio, Av. Andrés Bello s/n, C.P. 3780000, Chillan, Ñuble, Chile

    Carlos L. Cespedes

  2. Laboratorio de Micología Aplicada, Departamento de Agroindustrias, Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola, Universidad de Concepción, Chillan, Chile

    Pedro M. Aqueveque

  3. Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, UBIPRO, FES-Iztacala UNAM, Av. de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacala., Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico

    José G. Avila

  4. Laboratorio de Sintesis y Biotransformación de Productos Naturales, Grupo de Investigación: Química y Biotecnología de Productos Naturales Bioactivos. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bio Bio, Chillan, Chile

    Julio Alarcon

  5. Chemical Ecology Lab., ESPM Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Isao Kubo

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  1. Carlos L. Cespedes
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  2. Pedro M. Aqueveque
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  3. José G. Avila
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  4. Julio Alarcon
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Correspondence to Carlos L. Cespedes.

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Phytochemistry reviews. Por invitación (Prof. Jianbo Xiao).

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Cespedes, C.L., Aqueveque, P.M., Avila, J.G. et al. New advances in chemical defenses of plants: researches in calceolariaceae. Phytochem Rev 14, 367–380 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-014-9392-y

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