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Understanding the Phagocytosis of Particles: the Key for Rational Design of Vaccines and Therapeutics

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Abstract

A robust comprehension of phagocytosis is crucial for understanding its importance in innate immunity. A detailed description of the molecular mechanisms that lead to the uptake and clearance of endogenous and exogenous particles has helped elucidate the role of phagocytosis in health and infectious or autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, knowledge about this cellular process is important for the rational design and development of particulate systems for the administration of vaccines or therapeutics. Depending on these specific applications and the required biological responses, particles must be designed to encourage or avoid their phagocytosis and prolong their circulation time. Functionalization with specific polymers or ligands and changes in the size, shape, or surface of particles have important effects on their recognition and internalization by professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and have a major influence on their fate and safety. Here, we review the phagocytosis of particles intended to be used as carrier or delivery systems for vaccines or therapeutics, the cells involved in this process depending on the route of administration, and the strategies employed to obtain the most desirable particles for each application through the manipulation of their physicochemical characteristics. We also offer a view of the challenges and potential opportunities in the field and give some recommendations that we expect will enable the development of improved approaches for the rational design of these systems.

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Funding

This work was supported by grants A1-S-14446 and A1-S-9849 Ciencia Básica (SEP-CONACyT) and IN216419, UNAM-DGAPA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Silvia Moreno-Mendieta

  2. Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Silvia Moreno-Mendieta, Daniel Guillén, Nathaly Vasquez-Martínez, Sergio Sánchez & Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja

  3. Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Nathaly Vasquez-Martínez

  4. Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Rogelio Hernández-Pando

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  1. Silvia Moreno-Mendieta
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Moreno-Mendieta, S., Guillén, D., Vasquez-Martínez, N. et al. Understanding the Phagocytosis of Particles: the Key for Rational Design of Vaccines and Therapeutics. Pharm Res 39, 1823–1849 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03301-2

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