Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development and analysis of all-optical multipurpose OR, XOR, NAND, AND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates in a single unit using silicon microring resonator

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is a rising demand for low-cost, high-information-capacity optical signal processing. The number of devices is limited of performing different Boolean functions using a single unit. In the current manuscript, six basic logic gates, including OR, XOR, NAND, AND, NOR, and XNOR, are implemented in a single unit utilizing all-optical silicon microring resonator. At first, three microring resonators are used to get the AND, XOR and NOR logic functions. Then, beam combiners are used to get the OR, NAND and XNOR functions from AND, XOR, and NOR functions. In MATLAB, the suggested design is numerically simulated to verify the functions at an operational speed of nearly 260 Gbps. The required pump power for switching is only 1.95 mW for microring resonator based switch which is very less comparatively. Also, some performance parameters like “extinction ratio”, “contrast ratio”, “amplitude modulation”, “on–off ratio”, and “quality factor” are evaluated. To design the circuit practically, optimized parameters of the circuits have been selected. The obtained values of “extinction ratio” and “contrast ratio” are 14.97 dB and 19.03 dB, respectively. The value of AM is 0.17 dB which is less than 1 dB. The on–off ratio of the MRR is 35.10 dB which is much higher than expected.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not Applicable.

Code availability

Not Applicable.

References

  • Alipour-Banaei, H., Serajmohammadi, S., Mehdizadeh, F.: All optical NAND gate based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Optik 130, 1214–1221 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Musawi, H.K., Al-Janabi, A.K., Al-abassi, S.A., Abusiba, N.A.H.A., Al-Fatlawi, N.A.H.Q.: Plasmonic logic gates based on dielectric-metal-dielectric design with two optical communication bands. Optik 223, 165416 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bharti, G.K., Rakshit, J.K., Singh, M.P., Yupapin, P.: Design of all-optical universal logic gates using mode-conversion in single silicon microring resonator. J. Nanophotonics 13(3), 036002–036002 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, C.Y., Guo, L.J.: Design and optimization of microring resonators in biochemical sensing applications. J. Lightwave Technol. 24(3), 1395–1402 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary, K., Kumar, S.: Design of pseudorandom binary sequence generator using lithium-niobate-based Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Opt. Eng. 56(5), 057104–057104 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary, K., Kumar, S.: Optimized plasmonic reversible logic gate for low loss communication. Appl. Opt. 60(16), 4567–4572 (2021)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Choure, K.K., Saharia, A., Mudgal, N., Pandey, R., Agarwal, A., Prajapat, M., Maddila, R., Tiwari, M., Singh, G.: Reconfigurable and compact reversible channel multiplexers using Si3N4 based optical microring resonator. Opt. Commun. 530, 129126 (2023)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chun-Fei, L., Na, D.: Optical switching in silicon nanowaveguide ring resonators based on Kerr effect and TPA effect. Chin. Phys. Lett. 26(5), 054203 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Deslandes, P., Perrin, M., Saby, J., Sangla, D., Salin, F., Freysz, E.: Picosecond to femtosecond pulses from high power self mode–locked ytterbium rod-type fiber laser. Opt. Express 21(9), 10731–10738 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimitriadou, E., Zoiros, K.E.: Proposal for all-optical NOR gate using single quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Opt. Commun. 285(7), 1710–1716 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan, L., Dagenais, M., Goldhar, J.: Smoothly wavelength-tunable picosecond pulse generation using a harmonically mode-locked fiber ring laser. J. Lightwave Technol. 21(4), 930 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, A.K., Dutta, N.K., Fujiwara, M.: WDM technologies: passive optical components. Academic Press 2, 379–434 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bharti, G.K., Rakshit, J.K.: All-optical logic AND/NAND gates using two symmetric micro ring resonators. In Seventh International Conference on Optical and Photonic Engineering (icOPEN 2019), SPIE, Vol. 11205, pp.413–418 (2019).

  • Gayen, D.K., Chattopadhyay, T.: Designing of optimized all-optical half adder circuit using single quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometer. J. Lightwave Technol. 31(12), 2029–2035 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Goncharenko, I.A., Esman, A.K., Kuleshov, V.K., Pilipovich, V.A.: Optical broadband analog–digital conversion on the base of microring resonator. Opt. Commun. 257(1), 54–61 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosciniak, J., Hu, Z., Thomaschewski, M., Sorger, V.J., Khurgin, J.B.: Bistable all-optical devices based on nonlinear epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials. Laser Photonics Rev. 17(4), 2200723 (2023)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M., Rakshit, J.K.: Implementation of all-optical synchronous and asynchronous binary up counters using silicon micro-ring resonator. Opt. Eng. 61(10), 105105 (2022)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M., Zoiros, K.E., Chattopadhyay, T., Rakshit, J.K.: Speed enhancement of all-optical pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) generator using microring resonator. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53(12), 1–31 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M., Rakshit, J.K., Bhatnagar, A., Chattopadhyay, T.: Silicon microring resonator based all-optical 3-input majority gate and its applications. Optik 282, 170891 (2023a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M., Mondal, K., Kumar, D., Rakshit, J.K., Mandal, S.: Design and study of silicon microring resonator based all-optical binary-coded decimal adder. Opt. Quant. Electron. 55(12), 1100 (2023b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Houbavlis, T., Zoiros, K.E., Kanellos, G., Tsekrekos, C.: Performance analysis of ultrafast all-optical Boolean XOR gate using semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Opt. Commun. 232(1–6), 179–199 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Karimzadeh, M., Andalib, A.: A proposal for all optical XNOR gate using photonic crystal based nonlinear cavities. J. Opt. Commun. 42(2), 225–228 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J.Y., Kang, J.M., Kim, T.Y., Han, S.K.: All-optical multiple logic gates with XOR, NOR, OR, and NAND functions using parallel SOA-MZI structures: theory and experiment. J. Lightwave Technol. 24(9), 3392 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotb, A., Guo, C.: All-optical multifunctional AND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates using semiconductor optical amplifiers. Phys. Scr. 95(8), 085506 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotb, A., Guo, C.: 100 Gb/s all-optical multifunctional AND, NOR, XOR, OR, XNOR, and NAND logic gates in a single compact scheme based on semiconductor optical amplifiers. Opt. Laser Technol. 137, 106828 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotb, A., Yao, C.: All-optical logic operations based on silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Opt. Eng. 62(4), 048101–048101 (2023)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotb, A., Zoiros, K.E., Guo, C.: All-optical XOR, NOR, and NAND logic functions with parallel semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer modules. Opt. Laser Technol. 108, 426–433 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotb, A., Zoiros, K.E., Guo, C.: High-performance all-optical logic operations using Ψ-shaped silicon waveguides at 1.55 μm. Micromachines 14(9), 1793 (2023)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krausz, F., Fermann, M.E., Brabec, T., Curley, P.F., Hofer, M., Ober, M.H., Spielmann, C., Wintner, E., Schmidt, A.J.: Femtosecond solid-state lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28(10), 2097–2122 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Bisht, A., Singh, G., Choudhary, K., Sharma, D.: Implementation of wavelength selector based on electro-optic effect in Mach-Zehnder interferometers for high speed communications. Opt. Commun. 350, 108–118 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, A., Kumar, M., Jindal, S.K., Raghuwanshi, S.K., Choudhary, R.: Implementation of all-optical 1× 4 memory register unit using the micro-ring resonator structures. Opt. Quant. Electron. 53, 1–35 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Q., Song, J., Chen, X., Bi, M., Hu, M., Li, S.: All-optical logic gates based on cross phase modulation effect in a phase-shifted grating. Appl. Opt. 55(25), 6880–6886 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Q., Painter, O.J., Agrawal, G.P.: Nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides: modeling and applications. Opt. Express 15(25), 16604–16644 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Ye, S., Guo, H., Yao, Y., Zhou, X., Nie, H., Wang, R., Yang, K., He, J., Zhang, B.: Enhanced ultrafast dynamics and saturable absorption response of Nb2SiTe4/graphene heterostructure for femtosecond mode-locked bulk lasers. Opt. Laser Technol. 166, 109635 (2023)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maji, K., Mukherjee, K., Mandal, M.K.: All optical comparator using tera hertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD). J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater. 32(04), 2350034 (2023)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, K.: Design and analysis of all optical frequency encoded X-OR and X-NOR gate using quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier-Mach Zehnder Interferometer. Opt. Laser Technol. 140, 107043 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Qi, X. Wang, X. Hu, Z. Du, J. Yang, Z. Yu, S. Ding, S. Chu and Q. Gong, "All-optical switch based on novel physics effects", Journal of Applied Physics, 129(21) (2021).

  • Qiu, C., Zhang, C., Zeng, H., Guo, T.: High-performance graphene-on-silicon nitride all-optical switch based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. J. Lightwave Technol. 39(7), 2099–2105 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Raja, A., Mukherjee, K., Roy, J.N.: Design analysis and applications of all-optical multifunctional logic using a semiconductor optical amplifier-based polarization rotation switch. J. Comput. Electron. 20, 387–396 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakshit, J.K., Hossain, M.: Design and analysis of an efficient reversible hybrid new gate using silicon micro-ring resonator-based all-optical switch. Photon Netw. Commun. 44(2–3), 116–132 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakshit, J.K., Roy, J.N.: All-optical ultrafast switching in a silicon microring resonator and its application to design multiplexer/demultiplexer, adder/subtractor and comparator circuit. Opt. Appl. 46(4), 517–539 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakshit, J.K., Roy, J.N., Chattopadhyay, T.: Design of micro-ring resonator based all-optical parity generator and checker circuit. Opt. Commun. 303, 30–37 (2013a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakshit, J.K., Chattopadhyay, T., Roy, J.N.: Design of ring resonator based all optical switch for logic and arithmetic operations–a theoretical study. Optik 124(23), 6048–6057 (2013b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakshit, J.K., Roy, J.N., Chattopadhyay, T.: All-optical XOR/XNOR logic gate using micro-ring resonators. In 5th Int. Conf. Comput. and Dev. for Commun. (CODEC), IEEE, pp. 1–4 (2012).

  • Rakshit, J.K., Roy, J.N., Chattopadhyay, T.: All-optical XOR/XNOR logic gate using micro-ring resonators. In 2012 5th International Conference on Computers and Devices for Communication (CODEC), IEEE, pp.1–4 (2012).

  • Rebhi, S., Najjar, M.: A new design of a photonic crystal ring resonator based on Kerr effect for all-optical logic gates. Opt. Quant. Electron. 50, 1–17 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saharia, A., Mudgal, N., Choure, K.K., Maddila, R., Tiwari, M., Singh, G.: Proposed all-optical read-only memory element employing Si3N4 based optical microring resonator. Optik 251, 168493 (2022)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibbett, W., Lagatsky, A.A., Brown, C.T.A.: The development and application of femtosecond laser systems. Opt. Express 20(7), 6989–7001 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, L., Pareek, P., Kumar, G.M., Revathi, D.: A microscale numerical analysis of Ex-OR and Ex-NOR logic gates by using single plasmonic MZI. Plasmonics 16, 1127–1136 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • Son, C.W., Kim, S.H., Byun, Y.T., Jhon, Y.M., Lee, S., Woo, D.H., Yoon, T.H.: Realisation of all-optical multi-functional logic gates using semiconductor optical amplifiers. Electron. Lett. 42(18), 1 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Son, C.W., Kim, S.H., Jhon, Y.M., Byun, Y.T., Lee, S., Woo, D.H., Kim, S.H., Yoon, T.H.: Realization of all-optical XOR, NOR, and NAND gates in single format by using semiconductor optical amplifiers. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(1R), 232 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Soref, R.: The past, present, and future of silicon photonics. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 12(6), 1678–1687 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Soto, H., Diaz, C.A., Topomondzo, J., Erasme, D., Schares, L., Guekos, G.: All-optical AND gate implementation using cross-polarization modulation in a semiconductor optical amplifier. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 14(4), 498–500 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vardakas, J.S., Zoiros, K.E.: Performance investigation of all-optical clock recovery circuit based on Fabry-Pérot filter and SOA-assisted Sagnac switch. Opt. Eng. 46(8), 085005 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, H., Li, D., Liu, Z., Han, X., Chen, W., Zhao, T., Tian, Y., Yang, J.: Experimental realization of a CMOS-compatible optical directed priority encoder using cascaded micro-ring resonators. Nanophotonics 7(4), 727–733 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Q., Lipson, M.: All-optical logic based on silicon micro-ring resonators. Opt. Express 15(3), 924–929 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, M., Wang, L., Ye, P.: All optical XOR logic gates: technologies and experiment demonstrations. IEEE Commun. Mag. 43(5), S19–S24 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, P., Zhang, L., Tian, Y., Yang, L.: 10 GHz electro-optical OR/NOR directed logic device based on silicon micro-ring resonators. Opt. Lett. 39(7), 1937–1940 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zoiros, K.E., Papadopoulos, G., Houbavlis, T., Kanellos, G.T.: Theoretical analysis and performance investigation of ultrafast all-optical Boolean XOR gate with semiconductor optical amplifier-assisted Sagnac interferometer. Opt. Commun. 258(2), 114–134 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

There was no funding for this research project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India

    Manjur Hossain, S. Mahaboob Basha, V. Nagaraju & Kalimuddin Mondal

  2. Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, 799046, India

    Jayanta Kumar Rakshit

Authors
  1. Manjur Hossain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Mahaboob Basha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. Nagaraju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kalimuddin Mondal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jayanta Kumar Rakshit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MH Methodology, implementation, simulation and writing original draft preparation. SMB Conceptualization, supervision, reviewing and editing the draft manuscript. VN Conceptualization, reviewing and editing the draft manuscript. KM Simulation, reviewing and editing the draft manuscript. JKR Conceptualization, supervision, reviewing and editing the draft manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kalimuddin Mondal.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Consent to participate

All authors are agreed and gave their consent to participate in this research work.

Consent for publication

All authors are agreed and gave their consent for the publication of this research paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hossain, M., Mahaboob Basha, S., Nagaraju, V. et al. Development and analysis of all-optical multipurpose OR, XOR, NAND, AND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates in a single unit using silicon microring resonator. Opt Quant Electron 56, 799 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06592-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06592-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation