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Optical designs for realization of a set of schemes for quantum cryptography

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Abstract

Several quantum cryptographic schemes have been proposed and realized experimentally in the past. However, even with an advancement in quantum technology and escalated interest in the designing of direct secure quantum communication schemes there are not many experimental implementations of these cryptographic schemes. In this paper, we have provided a set of optical circuits for such quantum cryptographic schemes, which have not yet been realized experimentally by modifying some of our theoretically proposed secure communication schemes. Specifically, we have proposed optical designs for the implementation of two single photon and one entangled state based controlled quantum dialogue schemes and subsequently reduced our optical designs to yield simpler designs for realizing other secure quantum communication tasks, i.e., controlled deterministic secure quantum communication, quantum dialogue, quantum secure direct communication, quantum key agreement, and quantum key distribution. We have further proposed an optical design for an entanglement swapping based deterministic secure quantum communication and its controlled counterpart. Finally, a brief discussion on security of the schemes, hacking strategies against different optical elements and corresponding countermeasures is also presented.

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Notes

  1. Throughout this paper, transmission of qubits in all Schemes Tj is performed along the same line after concatenation of a randomly prepared string of decoy qubits followed by permutation of qubits in the enlarged string. Subsequently, the error estimation on the transmitted decoy qubits provides an upper bound of the errors introduced during transmission on the remaining message qubits, which can be solely attributed to the disturbance caused due to an eavesdropping attempt for the sake of simplicity and attaining utmost security. The choice of decoy qubits could be the single-qubit states used in BB84 protocol or entangled states (see Sharma et al. (2016) for a detailed discussion).

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Acknowledgements

AP acknowledges the support from Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems (ICPS) programme of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, Grant No.: DST/ICPS/QuST/Theme-1/2019/14. KT acknowledges the financial support from the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education - European Regional Development Fund project no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754 of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic.

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  1. Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, UP, 201309, India

    Mitali Sisodia & Anirban Pathak

  2. RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics of Palacky University and Institute of Physics of Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Kishore Thapliyal

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  1. Mitali Sisodia
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Sisodia, M., Thapliyal, K. & Pathak, A. Optical designs for realization of a set of schemes for quantum cryptography. Opt Quant Electron 53, 206 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02819-w

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