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Landslide susceptibility mapping using morphological and hydrological parameters in Sikkim Himalaya: frequency ratio model and geospatial technologies

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Abstract

Sikkim Himalaya, a part of the North-Eastern Himalayan region, is affected by the landslides and it causes the loss of life, property, and other human infrastructure, etc. The objective of study is identification of landslides susceptibility zones of the Sikkim Himalaya, using various factors/thematic layers, such as absolute relief, relative relief, relief ratio, dissection index, hypsometric integral, slope index, drainage density, drainage frequency, drainage intensity, drainage texture, infiltration number, junction frequency, length of overland flow, ruggedness index, stream transport index, topographic wetness index, stream power index, and rainfall and all these layers are integrated in Arc GIS software using FR model. These spatial factors are generated using Alos Palsar DEM and rainfall data with the help of the Arc GIS. The FR model was utilised for the purpose of determining the weights of such all-thematic layers for the possibility of landslides occurring in regions that are susceptible to the effects of landslides. These weight of such all thematic layers are combined using the Arc GIS to create the map of landslide susceptibility zones. The map of the landslide susceptibility zones of the region has been split into five distinct categories, including ‘very high’ (13.20%), ‘high’ (19.75%), ‘moderate’ (30.81%), ‘low’ (27.14%), ‘very low’ (9.09%). For accuracy analysis of the model the area under the curve is used and is estimated as 84.6% with the help of the FR model and occurrence of previous landslides in the region.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere gratitude to the anonymous reviewer for their invaluable comments, which significantly enhanced the quality and readability of the manuscript. They also appreciate the cooperation and valuable suggestions provided by the editor, whose support was instrumental in improving the work. Additionally, Swarnim and I.S. extend their heartfelt thanks to the University Grants Commission (U.G.C.), New Delhi, for awarding them Junior and Senior Research Fellowships, respectively.

Funding

Irjesh Sonker and Swarnim thankfully acknowledge University Grants Commission (U.G.C.), New Delhi, for Junior and Senior Research Fellowship awarded to them, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India

    Irjesh Sonker, Jayant Nath Tripathi &  Swarnim

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  1. Irjesh Sonker
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  2. Jayant Nath Tripathi
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  3. Swarnim
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Contributions

JNT: Conceptualized the problem, resources and supervision; IS and S: methodology and formal analysis, original draft preparation. IS, S, JNT: writing—discussion, review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jayant Nath Tripathi.

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Sonker, I., Tripathi, J.N. & Swarnim Landslide susceptibility mapping using morphological and hydrological parameters in Sikkim Himalaya: frequency ratio model and geospatial technologies. Nat Hazards 120, 6797–6832 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06491-7

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