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A systematic scoping review of the Social Vulnerability Index as applied to natural hazards

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Abstract

Social vulnerability approaches seek to identify social, economic, and political drivers that exacerbate environmental risks, and inform adaptation strategies that redress uneven vulnerabilities. Social Vulnerability Indices (SVIs), one such approach, have exponentially increased in use since their inception in 2003. This paper contributes the most comprehensive and rigorous systematic assessment of SVIs to date, as applied in hazard and disaster contexts. We evaluate how 246 peer-reviewed articles, published online between 2003 and 2021, conceptualized, constructed, and applied SVIs across 20 distinct hazard and disaster contexts in 91 countries. Our review extends previous assessments, not only by analyzing a larger diversity and volume of burgeoning scholarship, but by linking the content, method, and objectives of SVIs to synthesize their strengths and limitations for addressing social vulnerability. Three overarching results are reported. First, we find indicators used to assess social vulnerability across hazards, spatial scales, and geographical contexts, were relatively homogenous. Most articles (81%) drew indicators and theories from already existing SVIs. While such replication is not inherently problematic, and to some extent, reflects established risk factors associated with hazards globally, the epistemological and methodological processes through which SVIs are readily reproduced and replicated warrant serious deliberation. Second, and relatedly, articles commonly used deductive, a priori approaches to identify indicators from secondary datasets, often at the expense of inductively derived representations of vulnerability. Most articles exclusively relied upon quantitative and/or spatial methods (94%) and used secondary or tertiary data alone (80%), without validation and ground-truthing processes (76%). Together, the replication of previous SVIs through deductive research approaches, and their wide application across diverse hazards and geographies, undermines the ability to capture vulnerability as a place-based and context-specific phenomena. Third, and compounding potential ineffectiveness, SVIs appear most often as reactive and post-hazard risk mitigation instruments, with data and findings rarely applied for policy change to address socioeconomic and political causes of vulnerability. Overall, SVIs are an increasingly used instrument; however, their replication without evolving epistemic and methodological approaches, combined with their constrained focus on reactive policy measures, hamper novel and necessary research for countering social vulnerability to increasingly severe socio-environmental and public health risks.

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Notes

  1. These calculations are inflation-adjusted (NOAA 2023).

  2. For more information, see: CDC/ATSDR 2020 documentation. Accessed March 18, 2023: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/documentation/SVI_documentation_2020.html.

  3. Our protocol is adapted from Shah (2021).

  4. The natural hazards community, in general, considers epidemics and pandemics as socio-environmental hazards (Kelman 2020; Simonovic et al. 2021; Wilhelmi et al. 2021).

  5. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) are used by PubMed.

  6. See the full suite of JBI Scoping Review Network Group resources: https://jbi.global/scoping-review-network/resources.

  7. Each author was assigned 209 articles in Phase 1, allowing each publication to be evaluated by two co-authors. Of the 418 de-duplicated publications, 100% (n = 418) received at least two decisions; 26% (n = 109) received at least three decisions; and 3% (n = 13) received at least four decisions in Phase 1.

  8. Articles can be assigned more than one theme and therefore the percentages will not add to 100%.

  9. Several authors refer to this citation as Wisner as the first author and cite the 2nd edition of At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters (2004).

  10. Alternative definitions of social vulnerability cite other studies, including but not limited to, Füssel (2010) and Turner et al. (2003).

  11. Studies in Brazil that were unmodified from other citations are Martins-Filho et al. (2021), Andrade et al. (2021), and Castro et al. (2021).

  12. Given the authors evaluated over 4000 indicators or elements of SVI frameworks, each without standardized terms, it should be expected a normal error range of (2–5%) applies to the statistics presented in Tables 5 and 6.

  13. Here, we suggest researchers focus on, for example, robust social policies to combat systems of oppression, such as expanding healthcare or providing public housing for low-income households over solely focusing on issues of preparedness or response, such as Federal flood insurance programs.

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Acknowledgements

We extend our gratitude to Jasmine Shumaker (Reference and Instruction Librarian at UMBC) for their methodological guidance. We thank Dr. Lori Peek (Director, Natural Hazards Center and Professor of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder) for her support of this project. Last, we thank Dr. John J. Clague (Editor-in-Chief, Natural Hazards) for their commitment to having our paper reviewed, and four anonymous reviewers for their critical and constructive comments, which significantly improved the paper.

Funding

This material is based upon work supported by the Early Career Faculty Innovator Program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, a program sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Cooperative Agreement Number: 1755088. Further, this work was supported, in part, through the NOAA Educational Partnership Program/Minority-Serving Institutions Award NA22SEC4810016 Center for Earth System Sciences and Remote Sensing Technologies II. Contents are solely the responsibility of the author(s) and do not represent official views of NOAA or the U.S. Department of Commerce.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA

    Mary Angelica Painter & Musabber Ali Chisty

  2. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA

    Sameer H. Shah

  3. School of Public Policy, University of Maryland – Baltimore County, Catonsville, USA

    Sameer H. Shah, Gwendolyn C. Damestoit, Fariha Khalid, Wendy Prudencio & Fernando Tormos-Aponte

  4. Department of Sociology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA

    Sameer H. Shah & Fernando Tormos-Aponte

  5. Research Applications Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF NCAR), Boulder, USA

    Olga Wilhelmi

  6. NOAA EPP/MSI Center for Earth System Sciences and Remote Sensing Technologies II, New York, USA

    Gwendolyn C. Damestoit, Fariha Khalid & Wendy Prudencio

  7. Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA

    Musabber Ali Chisty

  8. Institute of Disaster Management and Vulnerability Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Musabber Ali Chisty

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Contributions

MAP contributed to conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and project administration. SHS contributed to conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, project administration, and supervision. GCD contributed to conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, writing—review and editing. FK and WP contributed to conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, writing—review and editing. MAC performed formal analysis, investigation, and writing—review and editing. FT-A contributed to conceptualization, writing—review and editing, project administration, and funding acquisition. OW performed writing—review and editing and supervision.

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Painter, M.A., Shah, S.H., Damestoit, G.C. et al. A systematic scoping review of the Social Vulnerability Index as applied to natural hazards. Nat Hazards (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06378-z

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