Abstract
We present a ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) of peak ground acceleration (PGA) for the Gulf of California, Mexico, derived from 1326 PGA values of 720 earthquakes recorded between 2015 and 2018 by the Red Sismológica de Banda Ancha del Golfo de California (RESBAN), operated by the Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE). We evaluated and adjusted two different parametric forms of GMPE developed for transcurrent tectonic regimes that resemble the tectonic setting in the Gulf of California, along with an additional parametric form developed for central Mexico that incorporates the focal depth as an independent variable. All three adjustments exhibit appropriate behavior in terms of residual analysis and variables stability, with the adjusted parametrical form of Joyner and Boore (Bull Seismol Soc Am 71:2011–2038, 1981. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0710062011) providing the best overall performance. The proposed GMPE is: \(log\mathrm{PGA}=-2.27+0.4M+0.065\mathrm{log}\left(r\right)-0.0034 \left(r\right)+{\sigma }_{\mathrm{A}}+{\sigma }_{\mathrm{E}}\), with \(r=\sqrt{{d}^{2}+{11.86}^{2}}\). PGA is peak horizontal acceleration in cm/s2, M is magnitude and d is epicentral distance. σA = 0.18 and σE = 0.4 correspond to the intra-event and inter-event standard deviations, respectively. Although the inclusion of focal depth as an independent variable enhanced adjustments in various tectonic regions, it did not provide a specific advantage in this context. To account for depth variations, we incorporated a fixed value representing the average focal depth into the distance definition (11.86 km) effectively capturing the seismic characteristics of the region and emphasizing the importance of regional-specific factors in GMPE development and refinement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atkinson GM, Boore DM (2003) Empirical ground-motion relations for subduction-zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93:1703–1729. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020156
Bommer JJ, Douglas J, Scherbaum F, Cotton F, Bungum H, Fäh D (2010) On the selection of ground-motion prediction equations for seismic hazard analysis. Seismol Res Lett 81:783–793. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.81.5.783
Castro RR, Mendoza-Camberos A, Pérez-Vertti A (2018) The broadband seismological network (RESBAN) of the Gulf of California. Mexico Seismol Res Lett 89:338–344. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220170117
Castro RR, Carciumaru DD, Collin M, Vetel W, Gonzalez-Huizar H, Mendoza A, Pérez-Vertti A (2021) Seismicity in the Gulf of California, Mexico, in the period 1901–2018. J S Am Earth Sci 106:103087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103087
Cotton F, Scherbaum F, Bommer JJ, Bungum H (2006) Criteria for selecting and adjusting ground-motion models for specific target regions: application to central Europe and rock sites. J Seismolog 10:137–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-005-9006-7
DeMets C, Dixon TH (1999) New kinematic models for Pacific-North America motion from 3 Ma to present, I: evidence for steady motion and biases in the NUVEL-1A model. Geophys Res Lett 26:1921–1924. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900405
Dixon T, Farina F, DeMets C, Suarez-Vidal F, Fletcher J, Marquez-Azua B, Miller M, Sánchez O, Umhoefer P (2000) New kinematic models for Pacific-North America motion from 3 Ma to present, II: Evidence for a “Baja California shear zone.” Geophys Res Lett 27(23):3961–3964. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL008529
García D, Singh SK, Herráiz M, Ordaz M, Pacheco JF (2005) Inslab earthquakes of central Mexico: peak ground-motion parameters and response spectra. Bull Seismol Soc Am 95:2272–2282. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050072
International Seismological Centre (2013). On-line Bulletin. Internatl. Seismol. Cent., Thatcham, UK. http://www.isc.ac.uk.
Joyner WB, Boore DM (1981) Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong-motion records including records from the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 71:2011–2038. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0710062011
Kowsari M, Halldorsson B, Hrafnkelsson B, Snæbjörnsson JT, Ólafsson S, Rupakhety R (2017) On the selection of ground-motion prediction equations for seismic hazard assessment in the South Iceland Seismic Zone. In: 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (16WCEE). Paper (No. 2809).
Özbey C, Sari A, Manuel L, Erdik M, Fahjan Y (2004) An empirical attenuation relationship for northwestern Turkey ground motion using a random effects approach. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2003.10.005
Persaud P, Pérez-Campos X, Clayton RW (2007) Crustal thickness variations in the margins of the Gulf of California from receiver functions. Geophys J Int 170:687–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03412.x
Plattner C, Malservisi R, Dixon TH, LaFemina P, Sella GF, Fletcher J, Suarez-Vidal F (2007) New constraints on relative motion between the Pacific Plate and Baja California microplate (Mexico) from GPS measurements. Geophys J Int 170:1373–1380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03494.x
Sumy DF, Gaherty JB, Kim WY, Diehl T, Collins JA (2013) The mechanisms of earthquakes and faulting in the southern Gulf of California. Bull Seismol Soc Am 103:487–506. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120080
Vidal-Villegas JA, Munguía L, González-Ortega JA, Núñez-Leal MA, Ramírez E, Mendoza L, Castro RR, Wong V (2018) The northwest Mexico seismic network: real time seismic monitoring in northern Baja California and northwestern Sonora. Mexico Seism Res Lett 89:324–337. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220170183
Villalobos-Escobar GP, Castro RR (2013) Empirical ground-motion relations using moderate earthquakes recorded by Medellín-Aburrá Valley (Colombia) strong-motion networks. Bull Earthq Eng 11:863–884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9408-1
Villalobos-Escobar GP, Márquez-Ramírez VH, Castro RR, Peña-Alonso TA (2023) Empirical Ground-Motion Relations in Northeastern México from intraplate moderate earthquakes. J Earthquake Eng 27:769–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2022.2033363
Acknowledgements
PGA data were provided by Red Sismológica de Banda Ancha del Golfo de California (RESBAN); we thank Arturo Pérez Vertti and Antonio Mendoza for station maintenance, data acquisition, data preprocessing and distribution. We thank Dr. Dionicio Morales for statistical guidance and valuable comments. We also acknowledge the Editor, Dr. John Clague, and the two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions, which help us to improve the original manuscript.
Funding
The operation of the RESBAN network was partially funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) with the project SEP-CONACYT CB2017-2018-A1-S-37179, and the internal project CICESE-643118.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Villalobos-Escobar GP and Castro RR conceptualized and designed the methodology; Villalobos-Escobar GP performed the formal analysis and investigation; Villalobos-Escobar GP, Castro RR, Peña-Alonso TA contributed to the original draft preparation, reviewing and editing; Castro RR contributed to resources and funding acquisition; Villalobos-Escobar GP, Peña-Alonso TA visualized the study.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Villalobos-Escobar, G.P., Castro, R.R. & Peña-Alonso, T.A. Empirical ground-motion relations of peak ground acceleration in the region of the Gulf of California. Nat Hazards 120, 2599–2615 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06295-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06295-1