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IEEE 802.11 Wireless sensor network for hazard monitoring and mitigation

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Abstract

The objective of this study is developing a new wireless sensor network strategy for analogue measurements to monitor and mitigate natural hazard. The manuscript presents a novel solution for performing analogue measurements during natural hazards through a wireless sensor network that supports mesh topologies. It is based on the Open Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for routing data through a set of routers supporting every version of the IEEE 802.11 standard (WiFi), from a to ax. In order to overcome every limitation in previous wireless systems, the article presents an overview of existing mesh technologies for microcontroller-based architecture (IEEE 802.15.4) and CPU-based architecture (IEEE 802.11), mainly dedicated to seismic or volcanic hazards. We highlight each of the decisive advantages of the presented technology compared to previous hazard monitoring systems. The new technology purposes multiple topologies, modern network performances and original measurement in real case scenarios, with a same generic solution adaptable to several natural hazards. Topology tests and outdoor experiments were performed in open air; the latter provided analogue measurements in the context of a prescribed vegetation fire and river. These results are discussed in terms of the network latency, user mobility, and measurement uncertainties. Finally, the manuscript concludes with an outlook offered by the novel system for a better understanding of mitigating extreme natural events.

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Data availability

Measurement data were recorded and fully available on demand for people wanting to post-process them. Network data were not recorded.

Code availability

Neither network stack nor C++/Python codes for M/S queries through the network are available because they have (network stack) or are going to have a copyright. MATLAB codes for processing data are available on demand.

Notes

  1. Although the implementation of edge computing is beyond the scope of this article, it is an important feature of Industry 4.0.

Abbreviations

IEEE:

Institute of electrical and electronics engineers

Zigbee, OCARI, ISA100:

IEEE 802.15.4 radio communication protocols

WSN:

Wireless sensor network

(Q)OLSR:

Open link stated routing (Protocol)—Q if QoS

QoS:

Quality of Service

WiFi:

Wireless fidelity (IEEE 802.11 norms)

ZeroConf:

Zero-configuration networking: a set of protocol for creating a network without a priori configuration. A key feature for ad hoc network.

CPU:

Central process unit or microprocessor

WIZARD:

Wireless solutions for haZARD monitoring and mitigation

PLC:

Programmable logic controller

LAN:

Local area network

BH:

BackHaul: in mesh networks, the used vocabulary for the wireless links between the mesh nodes is the backhaul link

AP:

Access point: the interface from which users connect to a backhaul network

WROUT:

Acronym for wireless router in our experiments

ROUTSOFT:

Acronym for the routing software on our network

SNMP:

Simple network management protocol

PC:

Personal computer (from which Modbus master requests are emitted)

MP:

Measurement point: a router on which analogue sensors are connected

4G/LTE:

Mobile networks

NRV/CNR:

Acronym for river flood measurement tools

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Acknowledgements

This study was conducted with financial support from the European Community through the FeDER program driven by the Collectivité de Corse and its financial office, Adec. The authors are extremely grateful for the valuable help from all the SIP staff throughout the project. They would also like to thank Pierre Silvani and Mario Bocognano in particular, for their decisive help during the water basin experiments.

Funding

This study was conducted with the financial support of the European Community, through the FeDER program ‘FEDER-FSE 2014–2020: CO-00-1223’, driven by the Collectivité de Corse and its financial office, ADE. This funding was aimed at helping regional R&D efforts by private companies with public/private partnerships.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Sciences Pour L’Environnement, CNRS UMR 6134, Université of Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP 52 Cedex, 20250, Corte, France

    Xavier Silvani & Daphné Goirand

  2. Green Communications, 86 Rue de Paris, 91400, Orsay, France

    Khaldoun Al Agha

  3. Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Université Paris-Saclay, 6 Rue Noetzlin, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Steven Martin

  4. Société Insulaire Pétrolière, Z.I. du Vazzio, Rue de la Citerne, 20090, Ajaccio, France

    Nicolas Bulté

Authors
  1. Xavier Silvani
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  2. Khaldoun Al Agha
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  3. Steven Martin
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  4. Daphné Goirand
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Contributions

SIP’s authors were involved in designing, manufacturing, tests, post-processing, and program administration. Green Communication and LRI’s authors were involved in network, router, set-up, and consulting. All have an equal contribution towards the redaction of this paper.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xavier Silvani.

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Conflict of interest

The partners in the WIZARD project (Wireless solutions for hazard monitoring and mitigation) were associated through a consortium agreement. No conflict of interest exists.

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Silvani, X., Al Agha, K., Martin, S. et al. IEEE 802.11 Wireless sensor network for hazard monitoring and mitigation. Nat Hazards 114, 3545–3574 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05531-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05531-4

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