Abstract
The increasing unpredictable floods due to the effect of climate change across regions of Vietnam have threaten the country’s socio-economic development goals at local, regional and national scales. This paper employs indicator-based approach to calculate Flood Vulnerability Index and generates vulnerability maps that reflect the spatial distribution of flood vulnerability in the Central region of Vietnam, which is the hardest hit flood region and home to many sites of great cultural-historical value. Data were collected from Hoi An’s 2020 statistical yearbook, digital elevation model, land use map, open street map and from surveying experts and civil servants at the city level (representatives of the City People’s Committee, the Center for Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation of Hoi An) and at ward/commune level (representatives of 12 wards and communes). GIS techniques and analytical hierarchy process were applied to analysis the obtained data and generate three scenarios that reflect the impact of vulnerability’s components. The findings indicate that number of organizations in disaster prevention and historical site preservation, road density, the presence of historical sites, flood frequency and average elevation are the key factors affecting the city’s vulnerability to flood hazard in the area of cultural heritage. The empirical results in Hoi An also indicate the importance of the number of poor households as an necessary factor when considering the sensitivity to flood in developing countries. In addition, this study distinguishes the impact of vulnerability’s components by generating different scenarios which clearly proof that having more floods does not always mean high vulnerability and vice versa. More importantly, by looking into the reasons (either transportation, education or other indicators) that leads to the gap between Flood Vulnerability Index in different scenarios, the paper subsequently identifies measures for each locality, whereby the governmental investment budget can be prioritized effectively.
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Data availability
The administrative data at commune level for Hoi An city and the river network are available on DIVA-GIS spatial data at https://www.diva-gis.org. The Land use map, the Digital Elevation Model at resolution 10 m generated from 10,000 scale topographical map of Quang Nam Province provided by Quang Nam Department of Natural Resource and Environment; and all statistical data, associated metadata on socio-economic index of Hoi An are available at: https://www.mediafire.com/file/68ly315lei86sco/Data_in_Brief-Flood_vulnerability_Index_in_Hoi_An-Nguyen_etal.rar/file. The road system data is available on Open Street Map at: https://www.openstreetmap.organdhttps://www.re3data.org/search?query=openstreetmap&dataAccess%5B%5D=open. The historical flood depth data at point location is published on the Vietnamese Government website of the Quang Nam Commanding Committee for Disaster Prevention and Evacuation at http://www.pctt.quangnam.vn.
Code availability
Software Name: Quantum GIS, Availability: https://qgis.org, Hardware Requirements: None, Software Requirement: Web Browser, Cost: Free of Charge. GRASS GIS, Availability: https://grass.osgeo.org, Cost: Free of Charge.
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Acknowledgements
The authors very grateful to the support from the People's Committee (PC), and the Center for Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation (CCHMP) of Hoi An city for helping with data collection. We would like to thank Mr. Vo Duy Trung—Head of Old Quarter Management Office (CCHMP), Mrs. Nguyen Thi Long—Director of Statistical Office (PC); Mr. Le Dinh Tuong Le—Head of Economic Department (PC), Mr. Nguyen Thanh Son—Deputy Head of Environmental and natural Resources Department (PC), Mr. Le Viet Phuc—Head of Department of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs for participating in the expert's survey and focused group discussion. We would also like to thank all people who have supported our field trip in Hoi An.
Funding
This research was supported by The Tokyo Human Resources Fund (THRF) for City Diplomacy Scholarship Program at Tokyo Metropolitan University.
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Nguyen, T.L., Asahi, C., Tran, T.A. et al. Indicator-based approach for flood vulnerability assessment in ancient heritage city of Hoi An, Central Region of Vietnam. Nat Hazards 114, 2357–2385 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05475-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05475-9