Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

What About the Little Ones? Systematic Review of Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes Following Early TBI

  • Review
  • Published:
Neuropsychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is increasing empirical focus on the effects of early traumatic brain injuries (TBI; i.e., before the age of six years) on child development, but this literature has never been synthetized comprehensively. This systematic review aimed to document the cognitive, academic, behavioral, socio-affective, and adaptive consequences of early TBI. Four databases (Medline, PsycNET, CINAHL, PubMed) were systematically searched from 1990 to 2019 using key terms pertaining to TBI and early childhood. Of 12, 153 articles identified in the initial search, 43 were included. Children who sustain early TBI are at-risk for a range of difficulties, which are generally worse when injury is sustained at a younger age, injury severity is moderate to severe, and injury mechanisms are non-accidental. Early childhood is a sensitive period for the emergence and development of new skills and behaviors, and brain disruption during this time is not benign. Research, clinical management, intervention, and prevention efforts should be further developed with consideration of the unique characteristics of the early childhood period.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1983). Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile.

  • Adamsbaum, C., Grabar, S., Mejean, N., & Rey-Salmon, C. (2010). Abusive head trauma: Judicial admissions highlight violent and repetitive shaking. Pediatrics, 126(3), 546–555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albicini, M., Eggleston, M., & McKinlay, A. (2017). The prevalence of traumatic brain injury, comorbid anxiety and other psychiatric disorders in an outpatient child and adolescent mental health service. Journal of Mental Health, 26, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albicini, M., & McKinlay, A. (2018). Anxiety disorders in adults with childhood traumatic brain injury: Evidence of difficulties more than 10 years postinjury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(3), 191–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, M. P. (1995). Mild traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. J Neurology, 45(7), 1253–1260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, V., & Catroppa, C. (2005). Recovery of executive skills following paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI): A 2 year follow-up. Brain Injury, 19(6), 459–470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., Morse, S., Haritou, F., & Rosenfeld, J. J. P. (2005). Functional plasticity or vulnerability after early brain injury? Pediatrics, 116(6), 1374–1382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, V., & Moore, C. (1995). Age at injury as a predictor of outcome following pediatric head injury: A longitudinal perspective. J Child Neuropsychology, 1(3), 187–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, V., Spencer-Smith, M., Leventer, R., Coleman, L., Anderson, P., Williams, J., Greenham, M., & Jacobs, R. (2009). Childhood brain insult: Can age at insult help us predict outcome? Brain, 132(1), 45–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aram, D. M., & Ekelman, B. L. (1986). Cognitive profiles of children with early onset of unilateral lesions. J Developmental Neuropsychology, 2(3), 155–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babikian, T., & Asarnow, R. (2009). Neurocognitive outcomes and recovery after pediatric TBI: Meta-analytic review of the literature. Neuropsychology, 23(3), 283.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Babikian, T., Merkley, T., Savage, R. C., Giza, C. C., & Levin, H. (2015). Chronic Aspects of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Review of the Literature. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(23), 1849–1860. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.3971

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, N. (1969). Manual for the Bayley scales of infant development. Psychological Corporation.

  • Barlow, K. M., Thomson, E., Johnson, D., & Minns, R. A. (2005). Late neurologic and cognitive sequelae of inflicted traumatic brain injury in infancy. Pediatrics, 116, 174–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, M. H., Landry-Roy, C., Gravel, J., Beaudoin, C., & Bernier, A. (2017). Should young children with traumatic brain injury be compared with community or orthopedic control participants? Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(17), 2545–2552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beers, S. R., Berger, R. P., & Adelson, P. D. (2007). Neurocognitive outcome and serum biomarkers in inflicted versus non-inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children [Comparative Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Journal of Neurotrauma, 24(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.0055

  • Bellerose, J., Bernier, A., Beaudoin, C., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2015). When Injury Clouds Understanding of Others: Theory of Mind after Mild TBI in Preschool Children. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 21(7), 483–493. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000569

  • Bellerose, J., Bernier, A., Beaudoin, C., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2017). Long-term brain-injury-specific effects following preschool mild TBI: A study of theory of mind. Neuropsychology, 31(3), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellini, J. (2003). Mental retardation: definition, classification, and systems of supports.

  • Bijur, P. E., Haslum, M., & Golding, J. (1996). Cognitive outcomes of multiple mild head injuries in children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP, 17(3), 143–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnier, C., Marique, P., Van Hout, A., & Potelle, D. (2007). Neurodevelopmental outcome after severe traumatic brain injury in very young children: role for subcortical lesions. Journal of Child Neurology, 22(5), 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073807302604

  • CDO. (2004). Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: The WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Rehabil Med, 43, 113–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevignard, M. P., & Lind, K. (2014). Long-term outcome of abusive head trauma. J Pediatric Radiology, 44(4), 548–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H. A., Martin, P. K., Okut, H., & Schroeder, R. W. (2020). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Utility of the Test of Memory Malingering in Pediatric Examinees. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 35(8), 1312–1322. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa075

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cory, C. Z., & Jones, M. D. (2003). Can shaking alone cause fatal brain injury? A biomechanical assessment of the Duhaime shaken baby syndrome model. J Medicine, Science and the Law, 43(4), 317–333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coster, W. J., Haley, S., & Jo Baryza, M. (1994). Functional Performance of Young Children After Traumatic Brain Injury: A 6-Month Follow-Up Study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48(3), 211–218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, L. M., Anderson, V., Barton, S., Babl, F. E., & Catroppa, C. (2014). Verbal Ability and Language Outcome Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Childhood. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(3), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0b013e31829babfd

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, L. M., Catroppa, C., Babl, F. E., & Anderson, V. (2012a). Intellectual, behavioral, and social outcomes of accidental traumatic brain injury in early childhood [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Pediatrics, 129(2), 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0438

  • Crowe, L. M., Catroppa, C., Babl, F. E., & Anderson, V. (2013). Executive function outcomes of children with traumatic brain injury sustained before three years [Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Child Neuropsychology, 19(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2011.651079

  • Crowe, L. M., Catroppa, C., Babl, F. E., Rosenfeld, J. V., & Anderson, V. (2012b). Timing of traumatic brain injury in childhood and intellectual outcomes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(7), 745–754. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jss070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Hondt, F., Lassonde, M., Thebault-Dagher, F., Bernier, A., Gravel, J., Vannasing, P., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2017). Electrophysiological correlates of emotional face processing after mild traumatic brain injury in preschool children. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 17(1), 124–142. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-016-0467-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dégeilh, F., Bernier, A., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2018). Developmental trajectories of adaptive functioning following early mild traumatic brain injury. Developmental Psychobiology, 60(8), 1037–1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, M. (1980). Capacity and strategy for syntactic comprehension after left or right hemidecortication. Brain Language, 10(2), 287–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Battista, A., Soo, C., Catroppa, C., & Anderson, V. (2012). Quality of life in children and adolescents post-TBI: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neurotrauma, 29(9), 1717–1727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duhaime, A., Alario, A., Lewander, W., Schut, L., Sutton, L., Seidl, T., Nudelman, S., Budenz, D., Hertle, R., & Tsiaras, W. (1992). Head injury in very young children: Mechanisms, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics, 90(2), 179–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont, D., Beaudoin, C., Désiré, N., Tran, M., Gagnon, I., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2021). Report of Early Childhood Traumatic Injury Observations & Symptoms: Preliminary Validation of an Observational Measure of Postconcussive Symptoms. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000691. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33935228.

  • Durish, C. L., Pereverseff, R. S., & Yeates, K. O. (2018). Depression and depressive symptoms in pediatric traumatic brain injury: A scoping review. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(3), 18–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emery, C. A., Barlow, K. M., Brooks, B. L., Max, J. E., Villavicencio-Requis, A., Gnanakumar, V., Robertson, H. L., Schneider, K., & Yeates, K. O. (2016). A systematic review of psychiatric, psychological, and behavioural outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(5), 259–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing-Cobbs, L., Kramer, L., Prasad, M., Canales, D. N., Louis, P. T., Fletcher, J. M., Vollero, H., Landry, S. H., & Cheung, K. (1998). Neuroimaging, physical, and developmental findings after inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury in young children [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Pediatrics, 102(2), 300–307.

  • Ewing-Cobbs, L., Prasad, M., Kramer, L., & Landry, S. (1999). Inflicted traumatic brain injury: relationship of developmental outcome to severity of injury [Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 31(5), 251–258.

  • Ewing-Cobbs, L., Prasad, M., Kramer, L., Louis, P., Baumgartner, J., Fletcher, J., & Alpert, B. (2000). Acute neuroradiologic findings in young children with inflicted or noninflicted traumatic brain injury. J Child’s Nervous System, 16(1), 25–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing-Cobbs, L., Prasad, M. R., Kramer, L., Cox, C. S., Jr., Baumgartner, J., Fletcher, S., Mendez, D., Barnes, M., Zhang, X., & Swank, P. (2006). Late intellectual and academic outcomes following traumatic brain injury sustained during early childhood [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Journal of Neurosurgery, 105(4), 287–296. https://doi.org/10.3171/ped.2006.105.4.287

  • Ewing-Cobbs, L., Prasad, M. R., Landry, S. H., Kramer, L., & DeLeon, R. (2004). Executive functions following traumatic brain injury in young children: a preliminary analysis [Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26(1), 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2601_7

  • Ewing-Cobbs, L., Prasad, M. R., Mendez, D., Barnes, M. A., & Swank, P. (2013). Social interaction in young children with inflicted and accidental traumatic brain injury: relations with family resources and social outcomes [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(5), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617713000210

  • Gagner, C., Landry-Roy, C., Bernier, A., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2018). Behavioral consequences of mild traumatic brain injury in preschoolers. Psychological Medicine, 48(9), 1551–1559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, D., Hungerford, G. M., & Bagner, D. M. (2015). Topical review: Negative behavioral and cognitive outcomes following traumatic brain injury in early childhood. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(4), 391–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garth, J., Anderson, V., & Wrennall, J. (1997). Executive functions following moderate to severe frontal lobe injury: Impact of injury and age at injury. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 1(2), 99–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, B., Kelly, M. M., Bruton, D., & Cox, C. (1993). Inflicted versus accidental head injury in critically injured children. Critical Care Medicine, 21(9), 1328–1332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., Strupp, B. et Group, I. C. D. S. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The Lancet, 369(9555), 60–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L., Godfrey, C., Soo, C., Anderson, V., & Catroppa, C. (2013). A preliminary investigation into psychosocial outcome and quality-of-life in adolescents following childhood traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 27(7/8), 872–877. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.775506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haarbauer-Krupa, J., Arbogast, K. B., Metzger, K. B., Greenspan, A. I., Kessler, R., Curry, A. E., Bell, J. M., DePadilla, L., Pfeiffer, M. R., & Zonfrillo, M. R. (2018). Variations in mechanisms of injury for children with concussion. J the Journal of Pediatrics, 197, 241–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, J. A., Côté, P., & Bombardier, C. (2006). Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144(6), 427–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaldoja, M. L., & Kolk, A. (2015). Does gender matter? Differences in social-emotional behavior among infants and toddlers before and after mild traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study. Journal of Child Neurology, 30(7), 860–867. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073814544705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushik, R., Krisch, I. M., Schroeder, D. R., Flick, R., & Nemergut, M. E. (2015). Pediatric bicycle-related head injuries: A population-based study in a county without a helmet law. Injury Epidemiology, 2(1), 16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, H. T., Clark, A. E., Holubkov, R., Cox, C. S., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (2018). Psychosocial and Executive Function Recovery Trajectories One Year after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: The Influence of Age and Injury Severity [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Journal of Neurotrauma, 35(2), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5265

  • Keenan, H. T., Hooper, S. R., Wetherington, C. E., Nocera, M., & Runyan, D. K. (2007). Neurodevelopmental consequences of early traumatic brain injury in 3-year-old children. Pediatrics, 119(3), 616–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, H. T., Presson, A. P., Clark, A. E., Cox, C. S., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (2019). Longitudinal developmental outcomes after traumatic brain injury in young children: Are infants more vulnerable than toddlers? Journal of Neurotrauma, 36(2), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.5687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keightley, M. L., Côté, P., Rumney, P., Hung, R., Carroll, L. J., Cancelliere, C., & Cassidy, J. D. (2014). Psychosocial consequences of mild traumatic brain injury in children: Results of a systematic review by the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 95(3), 192–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith Owen, Y., & Taylor, H. G. (2005). Neurobehavioural outcomes of mild head injury in children and adolescents. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 8(1), 5–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, E., Cohen, M., & Munafo, M. (2017). Childhood traumatic brain injury and the associations with risk behavior in adolescence and young adulthood: A systematic review. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 32(6), 425–432.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kieslich, M., Marquardt, G., Galow, G., Lorenz, R., & Jacobi, G. (2001). Neurological and mental outcome after severe head injury in childhood: A long-term follow-up of 318 children. Disability and Rehabilitation, 23(15), 665–669.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood, M. W. (Ed.). (2015). Validity testing in child and adolescent assessment: Evaluating exaggeration, feigning, and noncredible effort. Guilford Publications.

  • Kolb, B., Gibb, R., & Gorny, G. (2000). Cortical plasticity and the development of behavior after early frontal cortical injury. J Developmental Neuropsychology, 18(3), 423–444.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kriel, R. L., Krach, L. E., & Panser, L. A. (1989). Closed head injury: Comparison of children younger and older than 6 years of age. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 5(5), 296–300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lalonde, G., Bernier, A., Beaudoin, C., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2016). Investigating social functioning after early mild tbi: The quality of parent–child interactions. Journal of Neuropsychology, 12, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landry-Roy, C., Bernier, A., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2018). Executive functions and their relation to sleep following mild traumatic brain injury in preschoolers. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(8), 769–780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landry, S. H., Swank, P., Stuebing, K., Prasad, M., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (2004). Social competence in young children with inflicted traumatic brain injury [Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26(3), 707–733. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2603_4

  • Li, L., & Liu, J. (2013). The effect of pediatric traumatic brain injury on behavioral outcomes: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine Child Neurology, 55(1), 37–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(10), 1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liley, W., Stephens, A., Kaltner, M., Larkins, S., Franklin, R. C., Tsey, K., Stewart, R., & Stewart, S. (2012). Infant abusive head trauma - incidence, outcomes and awareness. Australian Family Physician, 41(10), 823–826.

  • Lind, K., Toure, H., Brugel, D., Meyer, P., Laurent-Vannier, A., & Chevignard, M. (2016). Extended follow-up of neurological, cognitive, behavioral and academic outcomes after severe abusive head trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 358–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.08.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., & Li, L. (2013). Parent-reported mild head injury history and behavioural performance in children at 6 years. Brain Injury, 27(11), 1263–1270. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.804205

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J., Wilson, M. L., Tenovuo, O., & Saarijärvi, S. (2015). Outcomes from mild and moderate traumatic brain injuries among children and adolescents: A systematic review of studies from 2008–2013. Brain Injury, 29(5), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2014.1002003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loder, R. T. (2008). The demographics of playground equipment injuries in children. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 43(4), 691–699.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes, N. R. L., Eisenstein, E., & Williams, L. C. A. (2013). Abusive head trauma in children: A literature review. Jornal De Pediatría, 89(5), 426–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2013.01.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marr, A. L., & Coronado, V. G. (2004). Central nervous system injury surveillance data submission standards—2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.

  • Marsh, N. V., & Whitehead, G. (2005). Skull fracture during infancy: A five-year follow-up [Comparative Study]. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology: Official Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 27(3), 352–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390490515685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Max, J. E., Lindgren, S. D., Knutson, C., Pearson, C. S., Ihrig, D., & Welborn, A. (1997). Child and adolescent traumatic brain injury: Psychiatric findings from a paediatric outpatient speciality clinic. Brain Injury, 11(10), 699–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990597123070

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, A., Corrigan, J., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2014). Substance Abuse and Criminal Activities Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood, Adolescence, and Early Adulthood. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(6), 498–506. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, A., Dalrymple-Alford, J. C., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2002). Long term psychosocial outcomes after mild head injury in early childhood. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 73(3), 281–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horwood, J., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M. (2009). Adolescent psychiatric symptoms following preschool childhood mild traumatic brain injury: Evidence from a birth cohort. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 24(3), 221–227. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181a40590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horwood, L., Fergusson, D., Ridder, E. M., & MacFarlane, M. (2008). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury among children, adolescents and young adults: Prospective evidence from a birth cohort. Brain Injury, 22(2), 175–181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, A., Grace, R. C., Horwood, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., & MacFarlane, M. R. (2010). Long-term behavioural outcomes of pre-school mild traumatic brain injury. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00947.x

  • Mealings, M., Douglas, J., & Olver, J. (2012). Considering the student perspective in returning to school after TBI: A literature review. Brain Injury, 26(10), 1165–1176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., Wright, D. W., & Maas, A. I. (2010). Position statement: Definition of traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1637–1640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, L. (1997). Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors: ATLS.

  • Msall, M. E., DiGaudio, K., Rogers, B. T., LaForest, S., Catanzaro, N. L., Campbell, J., ... & Duffy, L. C. (1994). The Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) conceptual basis and pilot use in children with developmental disabilities. Clinical pediatrics, 33(7), 421–430.

  • Narad, M. E., Kennelly, M., Zhang, N., Wade, S. L., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Epstein, J. N., & Kurowski, B. G. (2018). Secondary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents 5 to 10 years after traumatic brain injury. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(5), 437–443.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Osmond, M. H., Klassen, T. P., Wells, G. A., Correll, R., Jarvis, A., Joubert, G., Bailey, B., Chauvin-Kimoff, L., Pusic, M., & McConnell, D. (2010). CATCH: a clinical decision rule for the use of computed tomography in children with minor head injury. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(4), 341–348.

  • Papoutsis, J., Stargatt, R., & Catroppa, C. (2014). Long-term executive functioning outcomes for complicated and uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury sustained in early childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology, 39(8), 638–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2014.979926

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pastore, V., Colombo, K., Villa, F., Galbiati, S., Adduci, A., Poggi, G., Massimino, M., Recla, M., Liscio, M., & Strazzer, S. (2013). Psychological and adjustment problems due to acquired brain lesions in pre-school-aged patients. Brain Injury, 27(6), 677–684. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.775482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, M. R., Ewing-Cobbs, L., & Baumgartner, J. (1999). Crush head injuries in infants and young children neurologic and neuropsychologic sequelae. Journal of Child Neurology, 14(8), 496–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/088307389901400803

  • Reilly, P., Simpson, D., Sprod, R., & Thomas, L. (1988). Assessing the conscious level in infants and young children: A paediatric version of the Glasgow Coma Scale. Child’s Nervous System, 4(1), 30–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. M., Mathias, J. L., & Rose, S. E. (2016). Relationship Between Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Findings and Cognition Following Pediatric TBI: A Meta-Analytic Review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 41(3), 176–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2016.1186167

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosema, S., Crowe, L., & Anderson, V. (2012). Social function in children and adolescents after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review 1989–2011. Journal of Neurotrauma, 29(7), 1277–1291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, G. E. (1979). Is it really better to have your brain lesion early? A revision of the “Kennard principle.” Neuropsychologia, 17(6), 557–583.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenberg, L. K., Dupuis, A., & Rumney, P. G. (2010). Pre-school traumatic brain injury and its impact on social development at 8 years of age. Brain Injury, 24(7–8), 1003–1007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stipanicic, A., Nolin, P., Fortin, G., & Gobeil, M.-F. (2008). Comparative study of the cognitive sequelae of school-aged victims of shaken baby syndrome. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(3), 415–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.07.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suskauer, S. J., Rane, S., Reesman, J., & Slomine, B. S. (2018). Caregiver-report of symptoms following traumatic brain injury in a small clinical sample of preschool-aged children. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 11(1), 7–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, G., & Jennett, B. (1974). The Glasgow coma scale. Lancet, 2, 81–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2001). Developmental science and the media: Early brain development. American Psychologist, 56(1), 5–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). Test of Memory Malingering. ON, Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonks, J., Huw Williams, W., Yates, P., & Slater, A. (2011). Cognitive correlates of psychosocial outcome following traumatic brain injury in early childhood: Comparisons between groups of children aged under and over 10 years of age. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16(2), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104511403583

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trenchard, S. O., Rust, S., & Bunton, P. (2013). A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes within 2 years of paediatric traumatic brain injury in a school-aged population. Brain Injury, 27(11), 1217–1237. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.812240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vassel-Hitier, J., Verdier, V., Rasquier, S., Chalard, A., Laurent-Vannier, A., & Chevignard, M. (2019). Language, intellectual and educational outcomes after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury sustained before the age of 18 months. Brain Injury, 33(8), 1105–1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1623420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verger, K., Junqué, C., Jurado, M. A., Tresserras, P., Bartumeus, F., Nogués, P., & Poch, J. M. (2000). Age effects on long-term neuropsychological outcome in paediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 14(6), 495–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990500120411

  • Walz, N. C., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Stancin, T., & Wade, S. L. (2009). First-order theory of mind skills shortly after traumatic brain injury in 3- to 5-year-old children [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34(4), 507–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640902964490

  • Wetherington, C. E., & Hooper, S. R. (2006). Preschool Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review for the Early Childhood Special Educator. Exceptionality, 14(3), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327035ex1403_4

  • Wetherington, C. E., Hooper, S. R., Keenan, H. T., Nocera, M., & Runyan, D. (2010). Parent ratings of behavioral functioning after traumatic brain injury in very young children [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(6), 662–671. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp081

  • Wrightson, P., McGinn, V., & Gronwall, D. (1995). Mild head injury in preschool children: evidence that it can be associated with a persisting cognitive defect [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 59(4), 375–380.

  • Zemek, R. L., Farion, K. J., Sampson, M., & McGahern, C. (2013). Prognosticators of persistent symptoms following pediatric concussion: A systematic review. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(3), 259–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Dominic Desaulniers and Cléa Girard for technical support during the project.

Funding

This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada

    M. Séguin, C. Tuerk, J. Lacombe Barrios & M. H. Beauchamp

  2. Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    M. Séguin, C. Gagner, C. Tuerk, J. Lacombe Barrios & M. H. Beauchamp

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada

    P. MacKay

Authors
  1. M. Séguin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Gagner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Tuerk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Lacombe Barrios
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. P. MacKay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. H. Beauchamp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization and idea: Miriam H. Beauchamp and Marilou Séguin; Data collection and analysis: Marilou Séguin, Charlotte Gagner, Carola Tuerk, Jessica Lacombe Barrios and Pascale MacKay. Writing—original draft preparation, review and editing: Marilou Séguin and Miriam H. Beauchamp; Funding acquisition: Miriam H. Beauchamp; Supervision: Miriam H. Beauchamp. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. H. Beauchamp.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Séguin, M., Gagner, C., Tuerk, C. et al. What About the Little Ones? Systematic Review of Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes Following Early TBI. Neuropsychol Rev 32, 906–936 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09517-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09517-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation