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The Effects of Healthy Aging, Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease on Recollection and Familiarity: A Meta-Analytic Review

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Abstract

It is well established that healthy aging, amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are associated with substantial declines in episodic memory. However, there is still debate as to how two forms of episodic memory – recollection and familiarity – are affected by healthy and pathological aging. To address this issue we conducted a meta-analytic review of the effect sizes reported in studies using remember/know (RK), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and process dissociation (PD) methods to examine recollection and familiarity in healthy aging (25 published reports), aMCI (9 published reports), and AD (5 published reports). The results from the meta-analysis revealed that healthy aging is associated with moderate-to-large recollection impairments. Familiarity was not impaired in studies using ROC or PD methods but was impaired in studies that used the RK procedure. aMCI was associated with large decreases in recollection whereas familiarity only tended to show a decrease in studies with a patient sample comprised of both single-domain and multiple-domain aMCI patients. Lastly, AD was associated with large decreases in both recollection and familiarity. The results are consistent with neuroimaging evidence suggesting that the hippocampus is critical for recollection whereas familiarity is dependent on the integrity of the surrounding perirhinal cortex. Moreover, the results highlight the relevance of method selection when examining aging, and suggest that familiarity deficits might be a useful behavioral marker for identifying individuals that will develop dementia.

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Notes

  1. Here, we adopt the dual-process interpretation of the RK, PD, and ROC procedures. However, we acknowledge that there is still debate surrounding how data from these three procedures should be interpreted (e.g., Donaldson 1996; Dunn 2004; 2008; Wixted 2007; Yonelinas 2001a; 2002). Although this is an important theoretical issue that demands further investigation, we do not intend to add to this debate here because it is beyond the scope of the present article.

  2. This was not too surprising because the RK procedure was not initially developed to estimate recollection and familiarity; this development occurred almost a decade after the procedure was introduced (e.g., Yonelinas and Jacoby 1995). In contrast, the motivation underlying both the PD (Jacoby 1991) and dual-process signal detection model that has been applied to recognition ROCs (Yonelinas 1994) was to quantify the contribution of recollection and familiarity.

  3. The studies that used nonverbal materials only did so in conjunction with the RK and ROC estimation methods. The data reported in the Results were similar when considering the materials effect using only the RK and ROC studies (data not shown).

  4. The metric reported for estimates of recollection and familiarity varies across the three estimation methods, and also across studies using the same estimation method. For example, recollection in the ROC procedure is calculated as a probability, whereas recollection and familiarity in the RK task can be calculated as a probability or a discrimination index (d’; e.g., McCabe and Geraci 2009). Likewise, in the PD and RK tasks, familiarity can be calculated as a probability (e.g., Jennings and Jacoby 1993) or a discrimination index (e.g., Davidson and Glisky 2002). Effect size estimates were based on means and variances of the metric used to calculate recollection and familiarity in a given study.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship 1148897 awarded to Joshua D. Koen and by National Institute of Mental Health Grants 5R01-MH059352-13 and 5R01-MH083734-05 awarded to Andrew P. Yonelinas.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Joshua D. Koen & Andrew P. Yonelinas

  2. Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Andrew P. Yonelinas

  3. Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, 1600 Viceroy Drive, Suite 800, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA

    Joshua D. Koen

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  1. Joshua D. Koen
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Correspondence to Joshua D. Koen.

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Koen, J.D., Yonelinas, A.P. The Effects of Healthy Aging, Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease on Recollection and Familiarity: A Meta-Analytic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 24, 332–354 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-014-9266-5

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