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Comparison of Glutamate Turnover in Nerve Terminals and Brain Tissue During [1,6-13C2]Glucose Metabolism in Anesthetized Rats

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Abstract

The 13C turnover of neurotransmitter amino acids (glutamate, GABA and aspartate) were determined from extracts of forebrain nerve terminals and brain homogenate, and fronto-parietal cortex from anesthetized rats undergoing timed infusions of [1,6-13C2]glucose or [2-13C]acetate. Nerve terminal 13C fractional labeling of glutamate and aspartate was lower than those in whole cortical tissue at all times measured (up to 120 min), suggesting either the presence of a constant dilution flux from an unlabeled substrate or an unlabeled (effectively non-communicating on the measurement timescale) glutamate pool in the nerve terminals. Half times of 13C labeling from [1,6-13C2]glucose, as estimated by least squares exponential fitting to the time course data, were longer for nerve terminals (GluC4, 21.8 min; GABAC2 21.0 min) compared to cortical tissue (GluC4, 12.4 min; GABAC2, 14.5 min), except for AspC3, which was similar (26.5 vs. 27.0 min). The slower turnover of glutamate in the nerve terminals (but not GABA) compared to the cortex may reflect selective effects of anesthesia on activity-dependent glucose use, which might be more pronounced in the terminals. The 13C labeling ratio for glutamate-C4 from [2-13C]acetate over that of 13C-glucose was twice as large in nerve terminals compared to cortex, suggesting that astroglial glutamine under the 13C glucose infusion was the likely source of much of the nerve terminal dilution. The net replenishment of most of the nerve terminal amino acid pools occurs directly via trafficking of astroglial glutamine.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Bei Wang for assistance with animal preparation, and Terry Nixon, Peter Brown and Scott McIntire for the maintenance of the NMR spectrometer and related equipment in the Yale Magnetic Resonance Research Center. The assistance of Dr. Graeme Mason in the implementation of the Monte-Carlo fitting routines within the CWave software was greatly appreciated.

Funding

Support for this work came, in part, from grants by the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK R01-DK027121 and NINDS R01-NS34813.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA

    Anant B. Patel & Douglas L. Rothman

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, PO Box 208043, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA

    Golam I. M. Chowdhury & Kevin L. Behar

  3. Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA

    James C. K. Lai

  4. CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India

    Anant B. Patel

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  1. Anant B. Patel
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  3. Golam I. M. Chowdhury
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Correspondence to Anant B. Patel or Kevin L. Behar.

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Conflict of interest

Dr. Behar discloses ownership of Pfizer common stock and consults for Merck. All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Patel, A.B., Lai, J.C.K., Chowdhury, G.I.M. et al. Comparison of Glutamate Turnover in Nerve Terminals and Brain Tissue During [1,6-13C2]Glucose Metabolism in Anesthetized Rats. Neurochem Res 42, 173–190 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-2103-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-2103-x

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